The past decade has witnessed the accelerating development of immunotherapies for cancer treatment. Immune checkpoint blockade therapies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have demonstrated clinical efficacy against a variety of cancers. However, issues including life-threatening off-target side effects, long processing times, limited patient responses and high cost still limit the clinical utility of cancer immunotherapies. Biomaterial carriers of these therapies, though, enable one to troubleshoot the delivery issues, amplify immunomodulatory effects, integrate the synergistic effect of different molecules and, more importantly, home and manipulate immune cells in vivo. In this Review, we will analyse thus-far developed immunomaterials for targeted modulation of dendritic cells, T cells, tumour-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, B cells and natural killer cells, and summarize the promises and challenges of cell-targeted immunomodulation for cancer treatment.

过去十年见证了用于癌症治疗的免疫疗法的加速发展。免疫检查站封锁疗法和嵌合抗原受体（CAR）-T细胞疗法已证明可抗多种癌症。然而，包括威胁生命的脱靶副作用，较长的治疗时间，有限的患者反应和高昂的费用等问题仍然限制了癌症免疫疗法的临床应用。然而，这些疗法的生物材料载体使人们能够解决传递问题，扩大免疫调节作用，整合不同分子的协同作用，更重要的是可以体内免疫细胞并对其进行操作。在本综述中，我们将分析迄今开发的针对树突状细胞，T细胞，肿瘤相关巨噬细胞，