Nanoporous adsorbents are a diverse category of solid-state materials that hold considerable promise for vehicular hydrogen storage. Although impressive storage capacities have been demonstrated for several materials, particularly at cryogenic temperatures, materials meeting all of the targets established by the U.S. Department of Energy have yet to be identified. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of the major known and proposed strategies for hydrogen adsorbents, with the aim of guiding ongoing research as well as future new storage concepts. The discussion of each strategy includes current relevant literature, strengths and weaknesses, and outstanding challenges that preclude implementation. We consider in particular metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), including surface area/volume tailoring, open metal sites, and the binding of multiple H₂ molecules to a single metal site. Two related classes of porous framework materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs), are also discussed, as are graphene and graphene oxide and doped porous carbons. We additionally introduce criteria for evaluating the merits of a particular materials design strategy. Computation has become an important tool in the discovery of new storage materials, and a brief introduction to the benefits and limitations of computational predictions of H₂ physisorption is therefore presented. Finally, considerations for the synthesis and characterization of hydrogen storage adsorbents are discussed.

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评估用于车辆储氢的固态吸附剂的开发策略

纳米多孔吸附剂是各种各样的固态材料，它们对车辆的储氢具有很大的希望。尽管已经证明了几种材料的惊人存储能力，尤其是在低温下，但尚未确定满足美国能源部制定的所有目标的材料。在此观点中，我们概述了氢吸附剂的主要已知和提议策略，旨在指导正在进行的研究以及未来的新存储概念。每种策略的讨论都包括当前相关的文献，优缺点以及妨碍实施的突出挑战。我们特别考虑金属有机框架（MOF），包括表面积/体积调整，开放的金属位点以及多个H的结合_2个分子到单个金属位点。还讨论了两类相关的多孔骨架材料，共价有机骨架（COF）和多孔芳族骨架（PAF），以及石墨烯和氧化石墨烯以及掺杂的多孔碳。我们还引入了评估特定材料设计策略优劣的标准。计算已成为发现新存储材料的重要工具，因此，简要介绍了H ₂物理吸附的计算预测的优点和局限性。最后，讨论了储氢吸附剂的合成和表征的考虑因素。