Here we review the efforts of a number of recent results that use old tracers to understand the build up of the Galaxy. Details that lead directly to using these old tracers to measure distances are discussed. We concentrate on the following: (1) the structure and evolution of the Galactic bulge and inner Galaxy constrained from the dynamics of individual stars residing therein; (2) the spatial structure of the old Galactic bulge through photometric observations of RR Lyrae-type stars; (3) the three-dimensional structure, stellar density, mass, chemical composition, and age of the Milky Way bulge as traced by its old stellar populations; (4) an overview of RR Lyrae stars known in the ultra-faint dwarfs and their relation to the Galactic halo; and (5) different approaches for estimating absolute and relative cluster ages.

中文翻译：

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距离测定对银河结构的影响。二、旧示踪剂

在这里，我们回顾了一些最近使用旧示踪剂来了解银河系形成的结果的努力。讨论了直接导致使用这些旧示踪剂测量距离的细节。我们主要关注以下几点： (1) 受驻留在其中的单个恒星的动力学约束的银河凸起和内部星系的结构和演化；(2) 天琴座RR型恒星测光观测的老星系隆起空间结构；(3) 银河系凸起的三维结构、恒星密度、质量、化学成分和年龄，由其旧星族追踪；(4) 超微弱矮星中已知的天琴座RR星概述及其与银河晕的关系；(5) 估计绝对和相对集群年龄的不同方法。