OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether low reward responsiveness marks vulnerability for developing depression in a large cohort of never-depressed 16-year-old adolescents who completed a reward task and were subsequently followed for 9 years, during which onset of depression was assessed. METHOD Data were collected as part of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), an ongoing prospective cohort study. Reward responsiveness was assessed by the spatial orienting task at 16 years and depression was assessed at 19 years by the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview and at 25 years by the Lifetime Depression Assessment Self-Report. Participants who completed the reward task at 16 years, had no previous onset of depression, and were assessed on depression onset at 19 and/or 25 years were included in the present study (N = 531; 81 became depressed during follow-up). RESULTS Difficulties in shifting attention from expected non-reward to expected reward and from expected punishment to expected non-punishment at 16 years predicted depression during follow-up. This was found only at an automatic level of information processing. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that decreased reward responsiveness at 16 years marks vulnerability for depression. Prevention programs may aim at increasing at-risk adolescents' responsiveness to cues for potential rewards, particularly in situations in which they are focused on negative experiences.

中文翻译：

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16岁时奖励相关的注意偏见可预测在9年的随访期间抑郁症的发作。

目的这项研究调查了低奖励响应能力是否标志着一大批从不沮丧的16岁青少年中完成发展奖励任务并随后随访9年的抑郁症易感性，这些青少年在随后的9年中评估了抑郁症的发作。方法收集数据作为追踪青少年的个人生活调查（TRAILS）的一部分，这是一项正在进行的前瞻性队列研究。奖励反应通过空间定位任务在16岁时进行评估，抑郁症在19岁时通过世界卫生组织综合国际诊断访谈进行评估，在25岁时通过终生抑郁评估自我报告进行评估。在16岁时完成奖励任务的参与者以前没有抑郁症发作，并评估了本研究中19岁和/或25岁时抑郁发作的发生率（N = 531； 81位在随访过程中变得抑郁）。结果在将注意力从预期的非奖励转移到预期的报酬以及从预期的惩罚转移到预期的非惩罚方面的困难在16年时预测了随访期间的抑郁症。仅在自动信息处理级别上才发现此问题。结论研究结果表明，16岁时奖励反应能力下降标志着抑郁症的易感性。预防计划可能旨在提高处于危险中的青少年对暗示获得潜在回报的暗示的反应能力，特别是在他们关注不良经历的情况下。结果在将注意力从预期的非奖励转移到预期的报酬以及从预期的惩罚转移到预期的非惩罚方面的困难在16年时预测了随访期间的抑郁症。仅在自动信息处理级别上才发现此问题。结论研究结果表明，16岁时奖励反应能力下降标志着抑郁症的易感性。预防计划可能旨在提高处于危险中的青少年对暗示获得潜在回报的暗示的反应能力，特别是在他们关注不良经历的情况下。结果在将注意力从预期的非奖励转移到预期的报酬以及从预期的惩罚转移到预期的非惩罚方面的困难在16年时预测了随访期间的抑郁症。仅在自动信息处理级别上才发现此问题。结论研究结果表明，16岁时奖励反应能力下降标志着抑郁症的易感性。预防计划可能旨在提高处于危险中的青少年对暗示获得潜在回报的暗示的反应能力，特别是在他们关注不良经历的情况下。结论研究结果表明，16岁时奖励反应能力下降标志着抑郁症的易感性。预防计划可能旨在提高处于危险中的青少年对暗示获得潜在回报的暗示的反应能力，特别是在他们关注不良经历的情况下。结论研究结果表明，16岁时奖励反应能力下降标志着抑郁症的易感性。预防计划可能旨在提高处于危险中的青少年对暗示获得潜在回报的暗示的反应能力，特别是在他们关注不良经历的情况下。