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Natural menstrual rhythm and oral contraception diversely affect exhaled breath compositions.
Scientific Reports ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-Jul-18 , DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29221-z
Pritam Sukul , Jochen K. Schubert , Phillip Trefz , Wolfram Miekisch

Natural menstrual cycle and/or oral contraception diversely affect women metabolites. Longitudinal metabolic profiling under constant experimental conditions is thereby realistic to understand such effects. Thus, we investigated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhalation throughout menstrual cycles in 24 young and healthy women with- and without oral contraception. Exhaled VOCs were identified and quantified in trace concentrations via high-resolution real-time mass-spectrometry, starting from a menstruation and then repeated follow-up with six intervals including the next bleeding. Repeated measurements within biologically comparable groups were employed under optimized measurement setup. We observed pronounced and substance specific changes in exhaled VOC concentrations throughout all cycles with low intra-individual variations. Certain blood-borne volatiles changed significantly during follicular and luteal phases. Most prominent changes in endogenous VOCs were observed at the ovulation phase with respect to initial menstruation. Here, the absolute median abundances of alveolar ammonia, acetone, isoprene and dimethyl sulphide changed significantly (P-value ≤ 0.005) by 18.22↓, 13.41↓, 18.02↑ and 9.40↓%, respectively. These VOCs behaved in contrast under the presence of combined oral contraception; e.g. isoprene decreased significantly by 30.25↓%. All changes returned to initial range once the second bleeding phase was repeated. Changes in exogenous benzene, isopropanol, limonene etc. and smoking related furan, acetonitrile and orally originated hydrogen sulphide were rather nonspecific and mainly exposure dependent. Our observations could apprehend a number of known/pre-investigated metabolic effects induced by monthly endocrine regulations. Potential in vivo origins (e.g. metabolic processes) of VOCs are crucial to realize such effects. Despite ubiquitous confounders, we demonstrated the true strength of volatolomics for metabolic monitoring of menstrual cycle and contraceptives. These outcomes may warrant further studies in this direction to enhance our fundamental and clinical understanding on menstrual metabolomics and endocrinology. Counter-effects of contraception can be deployed for future noninvasive assessment of birth control pills. Our findings could be translated toward metabolomics of pregnancy, menopause and post-menopausal complications via breath analysis.

中文翻译:

自然的月经节律和口服避孕药对呼出气成分有不同的影响。

自然的月经周期和/或口服避孕药会影响女性的代谢产物。因此,在恒定的实验条件下进行纵向代谢谱分析对于理解这种影响是现实的。因此,我们调查了24名有或没有口服避孕药的年轻健康女性的整个月经周期中的挥发性有机化合物(VOC)呼气。从月经开始,然后通过高分辨率的实时质谱分析法,对呼出的VOC进行鉴定并以痕量浓度进行量化,然后从月经开始,然后以六个间隔(包括下一次出血)重复随访。在优化的测量设置下,在生物学可比组内进行重复测量。我们观察到在整个周期内呼出的VOC浓度均发生了明显且特定的物质变化,且个体内变化较低。在滤泡和黄体期,某些血源性挥发物发生了显着变化。相对于最初的月经,在排卵期观察到内源性VOC的最显着变化。在此,肺泡氨,丙酮,异戊二烯和二甲基硫的绝对中位数丰度分别显着变化(P值≤0.005),分别变化了18.22↓,13.41↓,18.02↑和9.40↓%。在合并口服避孕药的情况下,这些挥发性有机化合物的行为相反。例如异戊二烯显着下降了30.25↓%。重复第二次出血阶段后,所有变化均恢复到初始范围。外源性苯,异丙醇,li烯等的变化以及与吸烟有关的呋喃,乙腈和口腔来源的硫化氢的变化是非特异性的,并且主要取决于暴露。我们的观察结果可以理解由每月内分泌法规引起的许多已知/预先研究的代谢作用。VOC的潜在体内起源(例如,代谢过程)对于实现这种作用至关重要。尽管无处不在的混杂因素,我们证明了挥发性维生素的真正力量可以监测月经周期和避孕药具的代谢。这些结果可能需要在这个方向上进行进一步的研究,以增强我们对月经代谢组学和内分泌学的基础和临床理解。避孕的反作用可以用于将来的避孕药的非侵入性评估。我们的发现可以通过呼吸分析转化为妊娠,更年期和绝经后并发症的代谢组学。VOC的潜在体内起源(例如,代谢过程)对于实现这种作用至关重要。尽管无处不在的混杂因素,我们证明了挥发性维生素的真正力量可以监测月经周期和避孕药具的代谢。这些结果可能需要在这个方向上进行进一步的研究,以增强我们对月经代谢组学和内分泌学的基础和临床理解。避孕的反作用可以用于将来的避孕药的非侵入性评估。我们的发现可以通过呼吸分析转化为妊娠,更年期和绝经后并发症的代谢组学。VOC的潜在体内起源(例如,代谢过程)对于实现这种作用至关重要。尽管无处不在的混杂因素,我们证明了挥发性维生素的真正力量可以监测月经周期和避孕药具的代谢。这些结果可能需要在这个方向上进行进一步的研究,以增强我们对月经代谢组学和内分泌学的基础和临床理解。避孕的反作用可以用于将来的避孕药的非侵入性评估。我们的发现可以通过呼吸分析转化为妊娠,更年期和绝经后并发症的代谢组学。我们证明了挥发油对月经周期和避孕药具代谢监测的真正优势。这些结果可能需要在这个方向上进行进一步的研究,以增强我们对月经代谢组学和内分泌学的基础和临床理解。避孕的反作用可以用于将来的避孕药的非侵入性评估。我们的发现可以通过呼吸分析转化为妊娠,更年期和绝经后并发症的代谢组学。我们证明了挥发油对月经周期和避孕药具代谢监测的真正优势。这些结果可能需要在这个方向上进行进一步的研究,以增强我们对月经代谢组学和内分泌学的基础和临床理解。避孕的反作用可以用于将来的避孕药的非侵入性评估。我们的发现可以通过呼吸分析转化为妊娠,更年期和绝经后并发症的代谢组学。
更新日期:2018-07-19
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