The effects of prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke remain a subject of major interest, especially as it relates to neural development and adverse behavioral outcomes. Several studies have investigated the developmental toxicity of cigarette smoke components in a zebrafish model, showing that developmental exposure to total particulate matter (TPM; particulate phase of cigarette smoke) leads to adverse physiological aberrations and locomotor hyperactivity. Thus, the current study examines whether developmental TPM exposure of zebrafish embryos/larvae (F0) leads to physiological and behavioral alterations, and whether adverse effects are observed in adult fish and the next generation (F1; i.e. F0 offspring). We also examine whether behavioral effects are associated with changes in neural development, stress response, neurotransmitters, and bioenergetics. We demonstrate that TPM exposure during F0 development increased the incidence of deformities in F0 larvae, but F1 larvae did not exhibit any deformities. TPM exposure also resulted in swimming hyperactivity in F0 larvae and several behavioral changes were noted in F0 fish when they grew into adulthood. These behavioral changes were generally not associated with changes in markers of neural development in larvae, stress response in F0 adults, and concentration of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin) in F0 adult brain. There were also no changes in F0 or F1 embryonic oxygen consumption rate (OCR; marker of bioenergetics and mitochondrial health); however, the OCR in the brain of F0 males was reduced with TPM. We conclude that developmental exposure to TPM affects larval physiology and induces hyperactive swimming behavior, but these effects do not persist in F1 larvae. Moreover, developmental TPM exposure leads to long-lasting sex-specific behavioral outcomes in the F0 adult fish.

产前暴露于香烟烟雾的影响仍然是主要关注的课题，尤其是与神经发育和不良行为结局有关。几项研究调查了斑马鱼模型中香烟烟雾成分的发育毒性，表明发育暴露于总颗粒物（TPM；香烟烟雾的颗粒相）会导致不利的生理畸变和运动过度活跃。因此，本研究检查了斑马鱼胚胎/幼虫的发育性TPM暴露（F0）是否导致生理和行为改变，以及在成年鱼和下一代（F1；即F0后代）中是否观察到不利影响。我们还研究了行为影响是否与神经发育，压力反应，神经递质，和生物能学。我们证明F0发育过程中TPM暴露增加了F0幼虫畸形的发生率，但F1幼虫没有表现出任何畸形。TPM暴露还导致F0幼虫游泳过度活跃，成年后F0鱼注意到一些行为改变。这些行为变化通常与幼虫神经发育标记，F0成年者的应激反应以及F0成年者大脑中神经递质（乙酰胆碱，多巴胺和5-羟色胺）的浓度变化无关。F0或F1胚胎耗氧率（OCR；生物能学和线粒体健康的标志）也没有变化。然而，TPM降低了F0男性大脑中的OCR。我们得出结论，发育暴露于TPM会影响幼虫生理并诱发过度活跃的游泳行为，但这些作用在F1幼虫中不会持续存在。此外，发育中的TPM暴露导致F0成鱼长期存在特定性别的行为结果。