Gut microbiota has significant effects on the structure and function of the enteric and central nervous system including human behaviour and brain regulation. Herein, we analyze the role of this intestinal ecosystem, the effects of dietary changes and the administration of nutritional supplements, such as probiotics, prebiotics, or fecal transplantation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Numerous factors have been highlighted to influence gut microbiota composition, including genetics, health status, mode of birth delivery and environment. However, diet composition and nutritional status has been repeatedly shown to be one of the most critical modifiable factors of this ecosystem. A comprehensively analysis of the microbiome-intestine-brain axis has been performed, including the impact of intestinal bacteria in alterations in the nervous, immune and endocrine systems and their metabolites. Finally, we discuss the latest literature examining the effects of diet composition, nutritional status and microbiota alterations in several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism, anxiety, depression, Alzheimer's disease and anorexia nervosa.

中文翻译：

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肠道菌群对神经系统疾病的影响：饮食组成和新疗法

肠道菌群对肠道和中枢神经系统的结构和功能具有重大影响，包括人类行为和大脑调节。在本文中，我们分析了该肠道生态系统的作用，饮食变化的影响以及营养补充剂（如益生菌，益生元或粪便移植）在神经精神疾病中的作用。已经强调了影响肠道菌群组成的众多因素，包括遗传学，健康状况，分娩方式和环境。但是，饮食组成和营养状况已被反复证明是该生态系统最关键的可改变因素之一。已对微生物组-肠-脑轴进行了全面分析，包括肠道细菌对神经系统改变的影响，免疫和内分泌系统及其代谢产物。最后，我们讨论了最新的文献，这些文献检查了饮食组成，营养状况和微生物群改变在几种神经精神疾病中的作用，例如自闭症，焦虑症，抑郁症，阿尔茨海默氏病和神经性厌食症。