In recent years, nanomaterials have become a rapidly developing material technology due to their numerous advantages (e.g., high surface area, tunable surface structures, and advanced optical/electrical/mechanical features) and tremendous potential in biomedical, environmental, and energy applications. Here, we offer a comprehensive review on the advances, challenges, and opportunities of nanomaterial-based sensing technology for narcotics. To this end, the synthesis and applicability of nanomaterials (e.g., carbon-based nanostructures, semiconductor nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, and polymer nanostructures) for narcotics sensing are described in detail along with their diverse principles/mechanisms (e.g., electrochemical, colorimetric,fluorescent, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)). Recent progress in the development of nanomaterials has been evaluated based on sensing performance and operational conditions including parameters related to efficiency, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, reusability, and economic viability. We concluded this review by discussing the future research and development needed for nanomaterial-based sensors for narcotics.

近年来，由于纳米材料的众多优势（例如，高表面积，可调整的表面结构以及先进的光电/电/机械特性）以及在生物医学，环境和能源应用中的巨大潜力，纳米材料已成为一种快速发展的材料技术。在这里，我们对麻醉品中基于纳米材料的传感技术的进步，挑战和机遇进行了全面的回顾。为此，详细描述了用于麻醉传感的纳米材料（例如，碳基纳米结构，半导体纳米颗粒，金属纳米颗粒和聚合物纳米结构）的合成和适用性，以及它们的各种原理/机制（例如，电化学，比色，荧光） ，表面等离振子共振（SPR）和表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS））。基于传感性能和操作条件，包括与效率，灵敏度，准确度，精度，可重复使用性和经济可行性相关的参数，对纳米材料开发的最新进展进行了评估。我们通过讨论基于纳米材料的麻醉剂传感器所需的未来研究和开发来结束本综述。