In this work we have performed a comprehensive study on synthesis, processing, detailed material characterization and preliminary assessment of toxicity of relatively new flame retardant (FR) additives as a key for developing environmentally friendly fire safe polyesters. Two 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) based FR additives were synthesized using principles of green chemistry and incorporated via thermal processing in high temperature polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). The green synthesis strategies included (i) the use of N-chlorosuccinimide as a sustainable chlorinating agent for DOPO and (ii) a solvent and catalyst free microwave-assisted synthesis. Atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed in order to calculate the solubility parameters of these additives so as to estimate their compatibility in the polyesters. Detailed rheological measurements of the polyester/FR blends were carried out and the results indicated a clear difference in all three additives tested. Based on these analyses, 6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin,6-[(1-oxido-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-4-yl)methoxy]-, 6-oxide (DOPO-PEPA) exhibited the highest compatibility with both polyesters and their blends and showed the highest thermal-oxidative stability guaranteeing stable and steady processing at high temperatures. All polyester/FR formulations exhibited higher flame retardancy compared to the virgin polyesters in the small scale fire tests. The FR additives were evaluated for their potential toxicity using a well-established in vitro platform. Our results indicate no acute cytotoxic potential for all FRs analyzed in two different cell types (the human lung epithelial cell line A549 and macrophages derived from the monocytic cell line THP-1) and under the chosen experimental conditions.

在这项工作中，我们对合成，加工，详细的材料表征以及对相对较新的阻燃剂（FR）添加剂的毒性进行了初步评估，这是开发环保型防火聚酯的关键。使用绿色化学原理合成了两种基于9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物（DOPO）的FR添加剂，并通过热处理将其掺入高温聚酯中，例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）和聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBT）。绿色合成策略包括（i）使用N-氯代琥珀酰亚胺作为DOPO的可持续氯化剂，以及（ii）无溶剂和无催化剂的微波辅助合成。为了计算这些添加剂的溶解度参数，以便评估它们在聚酯中的相容性，采用了原子分子动力学（MD）模拟。对聚酯/ FR共混物进行了详细的流变学测量，结果表明所有三种测试添加剂均存在明显差异。基于这些分析，6H-二苯并[c，e] [1,2]氧代磷精，6-[（1-oxido-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclocyclo [2.2.2] oct-4-yl）甲氧基]-，6-氧化物（DOPO-PEPA）与聚酯及其共混物均显示出最高的相容性，并具有最高的热氧化稳定性，从而确保了在高温下稳定稳定的加工。与小规模防火测试中的原始聚酯相比，所有聚酯/ FR配方均显示出更高的阻燃性。体外平台。我们的结果表明，在两种不同的细胞类型（人肺上皮细胞系A549和源自单核细胞系THP-1的巨噬细胞）中和在选定的实验条件下分析的所有FR均无急性细胞毒性潜力。