Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have tremendous potential to produce beneficial technological impact in numerous sectors in society. Safety assessment is, of course, of paramount importance. However, the myriad variations of ENM properties makes the identification of specific features driving toxicity challenging. At the same time, reducing animal tests by introducing alternative and/or predictive in vitro and in silico methods has become a priority. It is important to embrace these new advances in the safety assessment of ENMs. Indeed, remarkable progress has been made in recent years with respect to mechanism-based hazard assessment of ENMs, including systems biology approaches as well as high-throughput screening platforms, and new tools are also emerging in risk assessment and risk management for humans and the environment across the whole life-cycle of nano-enabled products. Here, we highlight some of the key advances in the hazard and risk assessment of ENMs.

工程纳米材料（ENM）具有巨大的潜力，可以在社会的许多领域产生有益的技术影响。当然，安全评估至关重要。然而，ENM特性的无数变化使得确定驱动毒性的特定特征具有挑战性。同时，通过引入替代的和/或预测的体外和计算机模拟方法来减少动物试验已成为当务之急。在ENM安全评估中接受这些新进展非常重要。实际上，近年来，在基于机制的ENM危害评估方面已经取得了显着进展，包括系统生物学方法以及高通量筛选平台，在纳米产品的整个生命周期中，针对人类和环境的风险评估和风险管理中也出现了新的工具。在这里，我们重点介绍了ENM的危害和风险评估中的一些关键进展。