The catalytic performance of a series of 4 wt.% Ru-based catalysts in the aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural (FAL) to furfuryl alcohol (FOL) has been studied in a batch reactor under very mild conditions of 20 °C and 10 bar hydrogen. The effects induced by different commercial supports (SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, activated carbon and high surface area graphite) and two lab synthesized graphenic materials (with and without N-doping); as well as the influence of the catalyst preparation using three metal precursors (RuCl₃, RuNO(NO₃)₃ and Ru₃(CO)₁₂) have been assessed. Materials were characterized by mean of nitrogen physisorption (BET), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The different supports significantly modify the catalytic behavior, with the catalysts prepared using graphenic materials found to produce the highest conversion of FAL and the maximum of selectivity to FOL. On these latter supports, the highest FAL yield was achieved by using triruthenium dodecacarbonyl as ruthenium precursor. Ruthenium supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) shows 93.3% conversion with 98% selectivity towards FOL. This catalyst was found to exhibit excellent stability, and was reused at least 4 times without loss of activity or selectivity. Characterization data suggest that the catalytic differences can be attributed to the particle size of Ru nanocrystals as well as to their interaction with the surface of graphenic materials. Furthermore, the catalytic results are influenced by the type of metal precursor and the reduction temperature, these facts suggesting that the genesis of the Ru nanoparticles can also play a key role controlling the catalytic activities obtained with these catalysts in the hydrogenation of FAL into FOL.

在间歇反应器中，在非常温和的20°C和10 bar条件下，研究了一系列4 wt％的Ru基催化剂在糠醛（FAL）的水相加氢制糠醇（FOL）中的催化性能。氢。不同的商业载体（SiO ₂，TiO ₂，Al ₂ O ₃，活性炭和高表面积石墨）和两种实验室合成的石墨材料（有和没有N掺杂）引起的效应；以及使用三种金属前体（RuCl ₃，RuNO（NO ₃）₃和Ru ₃（CO）₁₂）制备催化剂的影响）已被评估。材料通过氮物理吸附（BET），透射电子显微镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），程序升温脱附（TPD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）进行表征。不同的载体极大地改变了催化性能，发现使用石墨材料制备的催化剂可产生最高的FAL转化率和最大的FOL选择性。在这些后面的载体上，通过使用十二羰基三钌作为钌前体可以实现最高的FAL收率。还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）上负载的钌显示出93.3％的转化率，对FOL的选择性为98％。发现该催化剂表现出优异的稳定性，并且在不损失活性或选择性的情况下被重复使用至少4次。表征数据表明，催化差异可归因于Ru纳米晶体的粒径及其与石墨材料表面的相互作用。此外，催化结果受金属前驱体的类型和还原温度的影响，这些事实表明，Ru纳米粒子的生成也可以在控制这些催化剂在FAL加氢成FOL中获得的催化活性方面起关键作用。