Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play important roles in cell signal transduction. However, overproduction of RONS is associated with a series of pathological processes and may disrupt cellular homeostasis, causing oxidative and nitrosative stress. Accurate methods to selectively and specifically monitor RONS in living systems are required to further elucidate the biological functions of these species. Optical imaging possesses high sensitivity, high spatiotemporal resolution, and real-time imaging capability. These qualities are advantageous for the detection of RONS in living systems. This review summarizes the development of optical nanoprobes with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent, upconversion luminescent, chemiluminescent, or photoacoustic signals for molecular imaging of RONS in living systems. In this review, we discuss the design principles and advantages of RONS-responsive activatable nanoprobes, as well as applications of these optical imaging modalities in different disease models.

活性氧和氮物质（RONS）在细胞信号转导中起重要作用。但是，RONS的过量产生与一系列病理过程有关，并且可能破坏细胞稳态，从而引起氧化和亚硝化应激。为了进一步阐明这些物种的生物学功能，需要有准确的方法来选择性和特异性地监测生物系统中的RONS。光学成像具有高灵敏度，高时空分辨率和实时成像能力。这些质量对于检测生命系统中的RONS是有利的。这篇综述总结了具有近红外（NIR）荧光，上转换发光，化学发光或光声信号的光学纳米探针的发展，用于在生命系统中对RONS进行分子成像。在这篇评论中，