How humans got their goats Little is known regarding the location and mode of the early domestication of animals such as goats for husbandry. To investigate the history of the goat, Daly et al. sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from ancient specimens ranging from hundreds to thousands of years in age. Multiple wild populations contributed to the origin of modern goats during the Neolithic. Over time, one mitochondrial type spread and became dominant worldwide. However, at the whole-genome level, modern goat populations are a mix of goats from different sources and provide evidence for a multilocus process of domestication in the Near East. Furthermore, the patterns described support the idea of multiple dispersal routes out of the Fertile Crescent region by domesticated animals and their human counterparts. Science, this issue p. 85 Ancient goat genomes elucidate a dispersed domestication process across the Near East. Current genetic data are equivocal as to whether goat domestication occurred multiple times or was a singular process. We generated genomic data from 83 ancient goats (51 with genome-wide coverage) from Paleolithic to Medieval contexts throughout the Near East. Our findings demonstrate that multiple divergent ancient wild goat sources were domesticated in a dispersed process that resulted in genetically and geographically distinct Neolithic goat populations, echoing contemporaneous human divergence across the region. These early goat populations contributed differently to modern goats in Asia, Africa, and Europe. We also detect early selection for pigmentation, stature, reproduction, milking, and response to dietary change, providing 8000-year-old evidence for human agency in molding genome variation within a partner species.

中文翻译：

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古代山羊基因组揭示了新月沃地的马赛克驯化

人类是如何得到山羊的，人们对山羊等动物早期驯化的地点和方式知之甚少。为了调查山羊的历史，戴利等人。对年龄从数百年到数千年不等的古代标本的线粒体和核序列进行测序。多个野生种群促成了新石器时代现代山羊的起源。随着时间的推移，一种线粒体类型在世界范围内传播并占据主导地位。然而，在全基因组水平上，现代山羊种群是来自不同来源的山羊的混合体，为近东的多地点驯化过程提供了证据。此外，所描述的模式支持驯养动物及其人类同行从新月沃地地区的多条传播途径的想法。科学，这个问题 p。85 古代山羊基因组阐明了近东地区分散的驯化过程。目前的基因数据对于山羊驯化是多次发生还是单一过程尚不明确。我们从整个近东从旧石器时代到中世纪的 83 只古代山羊（51 只具有全基因组覆盖）生成了基因组数据。我们的研究结果表明，多个不同的古代野山羊来源在一个分散的过程中被驯化，导致新石器时代山羊种群在遗传和地理上不同，与同期人类在该地区的分化相呼应。这些早期山羊种群对亚洲、非洲和欧洲的现代山羊的贡献不同。我们还检测到色素沉着、身材、繁殖、挤奶和对饮食变化的反应的早期选择，