Abstract Biofuels are called upon to play an important role, not only in reducing the associated greenhouse-gases emissions, but also in enabling the gradual independence from fossil sources, rendering low-carbon-highly-sustainable fuels. Today, the involvement of biomass-derived sources into existing petroleum refineries has a growing interest due to the increasing unpredictability of oil prices, environmental concerns and the necessity to secure an energy supply. Petroleum refineries already have a well-developed infrastructure to produce fuels and base chemicals and, consequently, would not require additional intensive investments for processing of alternative feedstocks. From this point of view, co-processing of biomass-derived feedstocks with petroleum fractions is an attractive option, which has already been industrially demonstrated in some cases. There are two main technologies that could be used for co-processing of biomass feedstocks with petroleum fractions, the first one being catalytic hydroprocessing and the second one being fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). Both technologies are found in virtually any conventional refinery. It is obvious that the co-processing of biomass-based feedstocks with petroleum fractions has the potential to play an important role in the near future. There are several research studies in literature that examine both technologies for co-processing. However, while there are many technological reviews that focus on stand-alone biofuel production (e.g., FAME biodiesel, bioethanol, HVO etc.), a dedicated technological review on co-processing for production of hybrid fuels is still missing. Therefore, this paper is focused on presenting a state-of-the-art review on co-processing bio-based feedstocks with petroleum fractions via hydroprocessing and fluid catalytic cracking, looking at different potential feedstocks, catalysts, operating conditions, products and benefits in detail. As there is no specifically dedicated literature review in this field, the content of this review provides a guideline on co-processing of different bio-based feedstocks with petroleum fractions, aimed at delivering a technological assessment of the existing research efforts.

中文翻译：

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可再生原料的炼油厂协同处理

摘要 生物燃料被要求发挥重要作用，不仅在减少相关的温室气体排放方面，而且在实现逐步独立于化石资源，提供低碳、高度可持续的燃料方面。今天，由于石油价格的不可预测性、环境问题和确保能源供应的必要性，生物质衍生资源参与现有的炼油厂越来越受到关注。炼油厂已经拥有完善的基础设施来生产燃料和基础化学品，因此不需要额外的密集投资来加工替代原料。从这个角度来看，生物质衍生原料与石油馏分的协同处理是一个有吸引力的选择，这在某些情况下已经在工业上得到证明。有两种主要技术可用于生物质原料与石油馏分的协同处理，第一种是催化加氢处理，第二种是流化催化裂化 (FCC)。这两种技术几乎可以在任何传统炼油厂中找到。很明显，以生物质为基础的原料与石油馏分的协同处理有可能在不久的将来发挥重要作用。文献中有几项研究研究了两种协同处理技术。然而，虽然有许多技术评论侧重于独立的生物燃料生产（例如，FAME 生物柴油、生物乙醇、HVO 等），但仍然缺少关于协同处理生产混合燃料的专门技术评论。所以，本文重点介绍了通过加氢处理和流化催化裂化协同处理生物基原料与石油馏分的最先进综述，详细研究了不同的潜在原料、催化剂、操作条件、产品和好处。由于该领域没有专门的文献综述，本综述的内容提供了关于不同生物基原料与石油馏分协同加工的指南，旨在对现有研究工作进行技术评估。