The one-stage nitritation/anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process is an energy-saving technology, which has been successfully developed and widely applied to treat industrial wastewaters. For the one-stage nitritation/anammox process, key functional microbes generally include anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria (AnAOB), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and heterotrophic bacteria (HB). Cooperation and competition among the key functional microbes are critical to the stability and performance of anammox process. Based upon key functional microorganisms, this review summarizes and discusses the optimized strategies that promote the operation of one-stage nitritation/anammox process. In particular, the review focuses on strategies related to: (1) the retention of anammox biomass through granular sludge or biofilm, (2) the balanced relationship between AOB and AnAOB, (3) the NOB suppression and (4) the HB management by controlling the influent organic matter. In addition, the review proposes further research to address the existing challenges.

一阶段的硝化/厌氧氨氧化（厌氧铵氧化）工艺是一种节能技术，已成功开发并广泛用于处理工业废水。对于一阶段的硝化/厌氧氨氧化工艺，关键功能微生物通常包括厌氧氨氧化细菌（AnAOB），氨氧化细菌（AOB），亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）和异养细菌（HB）。关键功能微生物之间的合作与竞争对厌氧氨氧化工艺的稳定性和性能至关重要。基于关键功能微生物，本综述总结并讨论了促进一阶段硝化/厌氧氨氧化工艺操作的优化策略。审查特别着重于与以下方面有关的战略：（1）通过颗粒污泥或生物膜保留厌氧生物质，（2）AOB和AnAOB之间的平衡关系，（3）通过控制进水有机物抑制NOB和（4）HB管理。此外，该审查还提出了应对现有挑战的进一步研究。