The existence of heavy metals in the natural waters poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Therefore, development of detection methods for monitoring of these heavy metals is crucial. The nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors have been extensively employed for heavy metal ions detection. The fabricated electrodes offer several advantages and improved performance due to the design of electrode surface at the nanoscale that render increased catalytic activity and conductivity, active large surface area and fast electrode kinetics. Moreover, integration of electrochemical devices in automatic fluidic structures has also been used for a wide range of heavy metals monitoring.

This review will provide a detailed account of recent progress in the development of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals in real water samples from 2013 onwards. The design of these sensors is based on the deployment of nanoparticles-modified electrodes, microelectrode and nanoelectrode arrays, and microfluidic electrochemical devices.

天然水域中重金属的存在对人类健康和环境构成了严重威胁。因此，开发监测这些重金属的检测方法至关重要。基于纳米材料的电化学传感器已被广泛用于重金属离子检测。由于纳米级电极表面的设计提高了催化活性和电导率，有效的大表面积和快速的电极动力学，所制造的电极具有许多优点并改善了性能。此外，将电化学装置集成在自动流体结构中也已用于多种重金属监测。

这篇综述将详细介绍从2013年开始在基于纳米材料的电化学传感器的开发中的最新进展，该传感器用于检测真实水样中的重金属。这些传感器的设计基于纳米粒子修饰电极，微电极和纳米电极阵列以及微流体电化学装置的部署。