Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a major health threat to both avian and human populations. The ecology of the virus is driven by numerous factors, including climate and avian migration patterns, yet relatively little is known about these drivers. Long-distance transport of the virus is tied to inter- and intra-continental bird migration, while enhanced viral reassortment is linked to breeding habitats in Beringia shared by migrant species from North America and Asia. Furthermore, water temperature, pH, salinity, and co-existing biota all impact the viability and persistence of the virus in the environment. Changes in climate can potentially alter the ecology of AIV through multiple pathways. Warming temperatures can change the timing and patterns of bird migration, creating novel assemblages of species and new opportunities for viral transport and reassortment. Water temperature and chemistry may also be altered, resulting in changes in virus survival. In this review, we explain how these shifts have the potential to increase viral persistence, pathogenicity, and transmissibility and amplify the threat of pandemic disease in animal and human hosts. Better understanding of climatic influences on viral ecology is essential to developing strategies to limit adverse health effects in humans and animals.

禽流感病毒（AIV）是对禽类和人类的主要健康威胁。病毒的生态学是由多种因素驱动的，包括气候和禽类的迁移方式，但对这些驱动因素的了解相对较少。病毒的长距离运输与洲际和洲际鸟类的迁徙有关，而病毒重排的增强则与来自北美和亚洲的迁徙物种共享的白令的繁殖栖息地有关。此外，水温，pH，盐度和共存的生物区系都会影响病毒在环境中的生存能力和持久性。气候变化可能通过多种途径改变AIV的生态。气温升高会改变鸟类迁徙的时间和方式，创造出新颖的物种组合，并为病毒运输和重组提供新的机会。水温和化学性质也可能发生变化，从而导致病毒存活率发生变化。在这篇综述中，我们解释了这些变化如何可能增加病毒的持久性，致病性和可传播性，并放大动物和人类宿主中大流行性疾病的威胁。更好地了解气候对病毒生态学的影响，对于制定限制人类和动物不良健康影响的策略至关重要。