Mechanochemical treatment with carbohydrates leads to the successful exfoliation of graphite and this can be considered as a green approach to the preparation of graphene. Glucose, fructose and saccharose were used and the former showed the best exfoliation behaviour to generate graphene materials with a relatively low number of defects, as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. The addition of small amounts of water to the ball milling treatment led to the formation of glucose-graphene co-crystals, which exhibited superior properties in terms of colloidal stability and minimization of cell toxicity.

中文翻译：

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甜石墨烯：通过机械化学处理剥落石墨并制备葡萄糖-石墨烯共晶体

用碳水化合物进行机械化学处理可成功剥落石墨，这可以认为是制备石墨烯的绿色方法。使用了葡萄糖，果糖和蔗糖，前者表现出最佳的剥落性能，可产生缺陷数量相对较少的石墨烯材料，拉曼光谱法证明了这一点。在球磨处理中添加少量水导致形成葡萄糖-石墨烯共晶体，就胶体稳定性和最小化细胞毒性而言，它们表现出优异的性能。