Radiotherapy is one of the major therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In the past decade, there has been growing interest in using high Z (atomic number) elements (materials) as radiosensitizers. New strategies in nanomedicine could help to improve cancer diagnosis and therapy at cellular and molecular levels. Metal-based nanoparticles usually exhibit chemical inertness in cellular and subcellular systems and may play a role in radiosensitization and synergistic cell-killing effects for radiation therapy. This review summarizes the efficacy of metal-based NanoEnhancers against cancers in both in vitro and in vivo systems for a range of ionizing radiations including gamma-rays, X-rays, and charged particles. The potential of translating preclinical studies on metal-based nanoparticles-enhanced radiation therapy into clinical practice is also discussed using examples of several metal-based NanoEnhancers (such as CYT-6091, AGuIX, and NBTXR3). Also, a few general examples of theranostic multimetallic nanocomposites are presented, and the related biological mechanisms are discussed.

中文翻译：

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基于金属的纳米增强剂，用于未来的放射治疗：对肿瘤细胞的放射增敏作用和协同作用

放射疗法是癌症治疗的主要治疗策略之一。在过去的十年中，使用高Z（原子序数）元素（材料）作为放射增敏剂的兴趣日益浓厚。纳米医学的新策略可以帮助改善细胞和分子水平的癌症诊断和治疗。基于金属的纳米粒子通常在细胞和亚细胞系统中表现出化学惰性，并可能在放射疗法的放射增敏和协同细胞杀伤作用中发挥作用。本文总结的基于金属的功效NanoEnhancers针对癌症中都在体外和体内用于一系列电离辐射的系统，包括伽马射线，X射线和带电粒子。还使用几种基于金属的纳米增强剂（例如CYT-6091，AGuIX和NBTXR3）的实例，讨论了将基于金属的纳米颗粒增强的放射治疗的临床前研究转化为临床实践的潜力。此外，提出了一些治疗性多金属纳米复合材料的一般例子，并讨论了相关的生物学机制。