Genome-wide association studies have been increasingly used to map and characterize genes that contribute to interindividual variation in drug response. Some studies have integrated the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) processes of drug reactions into association mapping, gleaning new insight into how genes determine the dynamic relationship of drug effect and drug dose. Here, we present an evolutionary framework by which two distinct concepts, chronopharmacodynamics and heterochrony (describing variation in the timing and rate of developmental events), are married to comprehend the pharmacogenetic architecture of drug response. The resulting new concept, heterochronopharmacodynamics (HCPD), can better interpret how genes influence drug efficacy and drug toxicity according to the circadian rhythm of the body and changes in drug concentration.

全基因组关联研究已被越来越多地用于定位和表征有助于个体间药物反应变异的基因。一些研究已将药物反应的药代动力学（PK）和药效动力学（PD）过程整合到关联图谱中，从而获得了新的见解，以了解基因如何确定药物作用与药物剂量之间的动态关系。在这里，我们提出了一个进化框架，通过该框架可以结合两个不同的概念，即时效药效学和异时性（描述发育事件的时间和速率的变化），以理解药物反应的药代遗传学结构。由此产生的新概念，异时药物动力学（HCPD），