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Mechanism of Nickel(II)-Catalyzed C(2)–H Alkynylation of Indoles with Alkynyl Bromide
Organometallics ( IF 2.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-06-25 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00177
Shrikant M. Khake 1 , Shailja Jain , Ulhas N. Patel 1 , Rajesh G. Gonnade , Kumar Vanka , Benudhar Punji 1
Affiliation  

The nickel system (THF)2NiBr2/phen has recently been shown as an efficient catalyst for the C–H bond alkynylation of diverse heteroarenes with (triisopropylsilyl)alkynyl bromide via monodentate chelation assistance. Herein, we report an extensive mechanistic investigation for the direct alkynylation of indoles involving the well-defined nickel catalyst, which features a coordinative insertion pathway of alkynyl bromide with the Ni(II) catalyst. Catalytic relevant nickel complexes, (phen)NiCl2 (5), (phen)2NiCl2 (6) and [(phen)3Ni]·NiCl4 (7) were isolated, and the complexes 6 and 7 were structurally characterized. Well-defined complexes were as competent as the in situ generated catalyst system (THF)2NiBr2/phen for the alkynylation of indoles. Various controlled studies and reactivity experiments were performed to understand the probable pathway for the alkynylation reaction. Kinetics analysis highlights that the complex (phen)NiX2 acts as a precatalyst, and the involvement of substrate indole and LiOtBu are essential for the generation of the active catalyst. Deuterium labeling and kinetic studies suggest that the process involving C–H cleavage and carbo-nickelation of indole is a crucial rate influencing step. Reactivity study of various alkynyl compounds with nickel-species highlights a migratory insertion route for the reaction. DFT calculations firmly support the experimental findings and suggest the coordinative insertion pathway of alkynyl bromide rather than oxidative addition toward the nickel(II) center.

中文翻译:

镍(II)催化吲哚与炔基溴化物的C(2)–H炔基化反应的机理

镍系统(THF)2 NiBr 2 / phen最近被证明是通过单齿螯合助剂与(三异丙基甲硅烷基)炔基溴化物催化各种杂芳烃C-H键炔化的有效催化剂。本文中,我们报道了涉及定义明确的镍催化剂的吲哚直接炔基化的广泛机理研究,其特征在于炔基溴化物与Ni(II)催化剂的配位插入途径。分离了催化相关的镍配合物,(phen)NiCl 25),(phen)2 NiCl 26)和[(phen)3 Ni]·NiCl 47),并形成了配合物图67在结构上被表征。定义明确的配合物与原位生成的催化剂体系(THF)2 NiBr 2 / phen具有同样的能力,可用于吲哚的烷基化。进行了各种对照研究和反应性实验,以了解炔基化反应的可能途径。动力学分析表明,复合物(phen)NiX 2充当前催化剂,并且受累于吲哚和LiO tBu对于生成活性催化剂是必不可少的。氘标记和动力学研究表明,涉及C–H裂解和吲哚碳镍化的过程是影响速率的关键步骤。各种炔基化合物与镍物种的反应性研究突显了该反应的迁移插入途径。DFT计算坚定地支持了实验结果,并提出了炔基溴的配位插入途径,而不是朝向镍(II)中心的氧化加成。
更新日期:2018-06-27
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