Abstract In this study, four types of ceramic nanofiltration membranes, coded as M-SiO2, M-TiO2, LC1 and LC2, were investigated to comprehensively evaluate the influences of their characteristics on the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), as well as the anti-organic fouling performance and cleaning efficiency. Compared with some widely used polymeric NF membranes (e.g. NF90 and NF270), the ceramic NF membranes owned larger molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO), higher hydrophilicity, lower surface roughness and less negative charge. For PhACs removal, size exclusion was the primary mechanism, followed by electrostatic interaction. Hydrophobic interaction played a minor role for all of the ceramic membranes. The ceramic NF membranes demonstrated good anti-organic fouling properties. The membrane roughness and negatively charged (carboxylic and hydroxyl) group density together with membrane pore size determined the severity of overall fouling. Organic fouling on ceramic membranes had a relatively insignificant impact on PhAC rejection. Both water cleaning and NaOH cleaning could restore the water permeability to a high level compared to polymeric NF membranes. The smaller portions of irreversible fouling were mainly the results of much lower density of carboxylic groups on membrane surface.

中文翻译：

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有机污染和清洁对陶瓷纳滤膜保留药物活性化合物的影响

摘要 本研究对编码为 M-SiO2、M-TiO2、LC1 和 LC2 的四种陶瓷纳滤膜进行了研究，以综合评估其特性对去除药学活性化合物 (PhAC) 的影响，以及抗有机污染性能和清洗效率。与一些广泛使用的聚合物NF膜（如NF90和NF270）相比，陶瓷NF膜具有更大的截留分子量（MWCO）、更高的亲水性、更低的表面粗糙度和更少的负电荷。对于 PhAC 去除，尺寸排阻是主要机制，其次是静电相互作用。疏水相互作用对所有陶瓷膜都起次要作用。陶瓷NF膜表现出良好的抗有机污染性能。膜粗糙度和带负电荷（羧基和羟基）基团的密度以及膜孔径决定了整体污染的严重程度。陶瓷膜上的有机污染对 PhAC 去除率的影响相对较小。与聚合 NF 膜相比，水清洗和 NaOH 清洗都可以将透水性恢复到高水平。不可逆污垢的较小部分主要是由于膜表面羧基密度低得多的结果。