Silks are natural fibrous protein polymers that are spun by silkworms and spiders. Among silk variants, there has been increasing interest devoted to the silkworm silk of B. mori, due to its availability in large quantities along with its unique material properties. Silk fibroin can be extracted from the cocoons of the B. mori silkworm and combined synergistically with other biomaterials to form biopolymer composites. With the development of recombinant DNA technology, silks can also be rationally designed and synthesized via genetic control. Silk proteins can be processed in aqueous environments into various material formats including films, sponges, electrospun mats and hydrogels. The versatility and sustainability of silk-based materials provides an impressive toolbox for tailoring materials to meet specific applications via eco-friendly approaches. Historically, silkworm silk has been used by the textile industry for thousands of years due to its excellent physical properties, such as lightweight, high mechanical strength, flexibility, and luster. Recently, due to these properties, along with its biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-immunogenicity, silkworm silk has become a candidate for biomedical utility. Further, the FDA has approved silk medical devices for sutures and as a support structure during reconstructive surgery. With increasing needs for implantable and degradable devices, silkworm silk has attracted interest for electronics, photonics for implantable yet degradable medical devices, along with a broader range of utility in different device applications. This Tutorial review summarizes and highlights recent advances in the use of silk-based materials in bio-nanotechnology, with a focus on the fabrication and functionalization methods for in vitro and in vivo applications in the field of tissue engineering, degradable devices and controlled release systems.

中文翻译：

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利用生物纳米技术生产的蚕丝材料和装置

蚕丝是由蚕和蜘蛛纺成的天然纤维状蛋白质聚合物。在蚕丝变种中，人们对桑蚕丝越来越感兴趣，因为它的产量大且具有独特的材料特性。丝素蛋白可以从家蚕的茧中提取，并与其他生物材料协同结合形成生物聚合物复合材料。随着DNA重组技术的发展，丝也可以通过基因控制进行合理设计和合成。丝蛋白可以在水性环境中加工成各种材料形式，包括薄膜、海绵、电纺垫和水凝胶。丝基材料的多功能性和可持续性为定制材料提供了令人印象深刻的工具箱，以满足通过环保方法满足特定应用的需求。历史上，蚕丝因其轻质、机械强度高、柔韧、有光泽等优异的物理性能而被纺织工业使用了数千年。最近，由于这些特性以及其生物相容性、生物可降解性和非免疫原性，蚕丝已成为生物医学用途的候选者。此外，FDA 还批准了丝绸医疗器械用于缝合和重建手术期间的支撑结构。随着对可植入和可降解设备的需求不断增加，蚕丝引起了电子学、可植入可降解医疗设备光子学的兴趣，以及在不同设备应用中更广泛的用途。本教程回顾总结并强调了丝基材料在生物纳米技术中的应用的最新进展，重点关注组织工程、可降解装置和控释系统领域的体外和体内应用的制造和功能化方法。