Abstract Two gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI) and two diesel soot-in-oil samples were compared with one flame-generated soot sample. High resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging was employed for the initial qualitative assessment of the soot morphology. Carbon black and diesel soot both exhibit core-shell structures, comprising an amorphous core surrounded by graphene layers; only diesel soot has particles with multiple cores. In addition to such particles, GTDI soot also exhibits entirely amorphous structures, of which some contain crystalline particles only a few nanometers in diameter. Subsequent quantification of the nanostructure by fringe analysis indicates differences between the samples in terms of length, tortuosity, and separation of the graphitic fringes. The shortest fringes are exhibited by the GTDI samples, whilst the diesel soot and carbon black fringes are 9.7% and 15.1% longer, respectively. Fringe tortuosity is similar across the internal combustion engine samples, but lower for the carbon black sample. In contrast, fringe separation varies continuously among the samples. Raman spectroscopy further confirms the observed differences. The GTDI soot samples contain the highest fraction of amorphous carbon and defective graphitic structures, followed by diesel soot and carbon black respectively. The A D1 :A G ratios correlate linearly with both the fringe length and fringe separation.

中文翻译：

---

汽油涡轮增压直喷和柴油油烟的纳米结构分析与炭黑比较

摘要 将两种汽油涡轮增压直喷 (GTDI) 和两种柴油油中烟尘样品与一种火焰产生的烟尘样品进行了比较。采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜成像对烟尘形态进行初步定性评估。炭黑和柴油烟灰都表现出核壳结构，包括被石墨烯层包围的无定形核；只有柴油烟尘具有多核颗粒。除了这些颗粒外，GTDI 烟灰还表现出完全无定形的结构，其中一些包含直径只有几纳米的结晶颗粒。随后通过条纹分析对纳米结构进行量化表明样品之间在长度、弯曲度和石墨条纹分离方面的差异。最短的条纹由 GTDI 样品展示，而柴油烟灰和炭黑条纹分别长 9.7% 和 15.1%。内燃机样品的边缘弯曲度相似，但炭黑样品的边缘弯曲度较低。相比之下，样本之间的条纹间隔不断变化。拉曼光谱进一步证实了观察到的差异。GTDI 烟灰样品含有最高比例的无定形碳和有缺陷的石墨结构，其次是柴油烟灰和炭黑。A D1 :AG 比率与条纹长度和条纹间隔线性相关。拉曼光谱进一步证实了观察到的差异。GTDI 烟灰样品含有最高比例的无定形碳和有缺陷的石墨结构，其次是柴油烟灰和炭黑。A D1 :AG 比率与条纹长度和条纹间隔线性相关。拉曼光谱进一步证实了观察到的差异。GTDI 烟灰样品含有最高比例的无定形碳和有缺陷的石墨结构，其次是柴油烟灰和炭黑。A D1 :AG 比率与条纹长度和条纹间隔线性相关。