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The Biological Basis for Ballast Water Performance Standards: “Viable/Non-Viable” or “Live/Dead”?
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-07-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00341 Ernest R. Blatchley III 1 , John J. Cullen 2 , Brian Petri 3 , Keith Bircher 4 , Nicholas Welschmeyer 5
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-07-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00341 Ernest R. Blatchley III 1 , John J. Cullen 2 , Brian Petri 3 , Keith Bircher 4 , Nicholas Welschmeyer 5
Affiliation
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The shipping industry is critical to international commerce; however, contemporary shipping practices involve uptake and discharge of ballast water, which introduces the potential for transfer of nonindigenous, invasive species among geographically distinct habitats. To counteract this hazard, regulations for ballast water management have been implemented by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and by regulatory agencies such as the United States Coast Guard (USCG). IMO and USCG discharge standards are numerically identical, but involve different definitions of treatment end points, which are based on fundamentally different biological assays for quantification of ballast water treatment effectiveness. Available assays for quantification of the responses of organisms in the 10–50 μm size range include vital stains based on fluorescein diacetate (FDA), sometimes used in combination with 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA), observations of motility, and the most probable number dilution culture method (MPN). The mechanisms and implications of these assays are discussed relative to the Type Approval process, which quantitatively evaluates compliance with ballast water discharge standards (BWDSs) under controlled shipboard and land-based tests. For antimicrobial processes that accomplish treatment by preventing subsequent replication of the target species, the FDA/CMFDA and MPN methods can yield dramatically different results. An important example of a treatment process that is affected by the choice of assay is ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Results of laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated UV-based technologies to be effective for accomplishing the objectives of ballast water treatment (inactivation of cellular reproduction), when the MPN assay is used as the basis for evaluation. The FDA, CMFDA, motility, and MPN methods are subject to well recognized sources of error; however, the MPN method is based on a response that is consistent with the objectives of ballast water management as well as the mechanism of action of UV-based inactivation. Complementary assays are available for use in compliance testing; however, the development of relevant indicative tests remains as a research priority. Historical lessons learned from applications of vital stains (and other indirect methods) for quantification of microbial responses to UV irradiation in other settings also support the use of assays that provide a direct measure of growth and reproduction, such as MPN. Collectively, these observations point to the use of MPN assays as the standard for type testing, especially when UV-based treatment is employed.
中文翻译：
压载水性能标准的生物学基础：“可行/不可行”还是“活/死”？
航运业对于国际贸易至关重要。然而，当代的运输方式涉及压载水的吸收和排放，这引入了非本地入侵物种在地理上不同的生境之间转移的潜力。为了消除这种危害，国际海事组织（IMO）和美国海岸警卫队（USCG）等监管机构已经实施了压载水管理法规。IMO和USCG排放标准在数值上是相同的，但是涉及处理终点的不同定义，这些定义基于根本不同的生物学分析来定量压载水处理效果。量化10–50μm尺寸范围内的生物反应的可用分析方法包括：基于双乙酸荧光素（FDA）的活菌染色，有时与5-氯甲基荧光素双乙酸酯（CMFDA）结合使用，观察到运动性，并且最可能的数目稀释培养法（MPN）。相对于型式批准过程，讨论了这些测定的机理和意义，该过程在受控的舰载和陆基测试下定量评估了与压载水排放标准（BWDS）的符合性。对于通过阻止目标物种的后续复制来完成治疗的抗菌工艺，FDA / CMFDA和MPN方法可产生截然不同的结果。受测定方法选择影响的处理过程的重要示例是紫外线（UV）照射。实验室和现场实验的结果表明，当MPN分析用作评估基础时，基于紫外线的技术可有效实现压载水处理（灭活细胞繁殖）的目标。FDA，CMFDA，运动性和MPN方法受制于公认的错误源；但是，MPN方法基于与压舱水管理目标以及基于紫外线的灭活作用机理一致的响应。补充测定可用于顺应性测试；然而，相关指示性测试的开发仍然是研究的重点。在其他情况下，从应用活体污渍（和其他间接方法）获得的历史教训（用于量化微生物对UV辐射的微生物反应）中，也获得了历史教训，这也支持使用可直接测量生长和繁殖的检测方法，例如MPN。总的来说，这些观察结果指出，MPN测定法用作类型测试的标准，特别是在采用基于紫外线的处理方法时。
更新日期：2018-07-12
中文翻译：
压载水性能标准的生物学基础：“可行/不可行”还是“活/死”？
航运业对于国际贸易至关重要。然而，当代的运输方式涉及压载水的吸收和排放，这引入了非本地入侵物种在地理上不同的生境之间转移的潜力。为了消除这种危害，国际海事组织（IMO）和美国海岸警卫队（USCG）等监管机构已经实施了压载水管理法规。IMO和USCG排放标准在数值上是相同的，但是涉及处理终点的不同定义，这些定义基于根本不同的生物学分析来定量压载水处理效果。量化10–50μm尺寸范围内的生物反应的可用分析方法包括：基于双乙酸荧光素（FDA）的活菌染色，有时与5-氯甲基荧光素双乙酸酯（CMFDA）结合使用，观察到运动性，并且最可能的数目稀释培养法（MPN）。相对于型式批准过程，讨论了这些测定的机理和意义，该过程在受控的舰载和陆基测试下定量评估了与压载水排放标准（BWDS）的符合性。对于通过阻止目标物种的后续复制来完成治疗的抗菌工艺，FDA / CMFDA和MPN方法可产生截然不同的结果。受测定方法选择影响的处理过程的重要示例是紫外线（UV）照射。实验室和现场实验的结果表明，当MPN分析用作评估基础时，基于紫外线的技术可有效实现压载水处理（灭活细胞繁殖）的目标。FDA，CMFDA，运动性和MPN方法受制于公认的错误源；但是，MPN方法基于与压舱水管理目标以及基于紫外线的灭活作用机理一致的响应。补充测定可用于顺应性测试；然而，相关指示性测试的开发仍然是研究的重点。在其他情况下，从应用活体污渍（和其他间接方法）获得的历史教训（用于量化微生物对UV辐射的微生物反应）中，也获得了历史教训，这也支持使用可直接测量生长和繁殖的检测方法，例如MPN。总的来说，这些观察结果指出，MPN测定法用作类型测试的标准，特别是在采用基于紫外线的处理方法时。
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