Distributional expansion and infill of pinyon (Pinus monophylla) and juniper (Juniperus osteosperma, J. occidentalis) trees (hereinafter, "pinyon-juniper") into sagebrush ecosystems alters the ecological function and economic viability of these ecosystems and represents a major contemporary challenge facing land and wildlife managers. Therefore, accurate and high-resolution maps of pinyon-juniper distribution and abundance across broad geographic extents would facilitate science that quantifies ecological effects of pinyon-juniper expansion and help guide land management decisions that better target areas for pinyon-juniper treatment projects. We mapped conifers at a high (1- m²; i.e., 1 × 1-m) resolution across the majority of Nevada and northeastern California. We used digital orthophoto quad tiles from National Agriculture Imagery Program (USDA, 2013) to classify conifers using automated feature extraction (AFE) with the program Feature Analyst™ (Overwatch, 2013). Overall accuracy was >86% across all mapped areas for ground referencing methods. We provide five sets of full-extent maps for land managers: (1) a shapefile representing accuracy results linked to mapping subunits; (2) binary rasters representing conifer presence or absence at a 1-m² resolution; (3) a 900-m² resolution raster representing percentages of conifer canopy cover within each cell; (4) 1-m² resolution canopy cover classification rasters derived from a 50-m radius moving window analysis; and (5) an example map derived from our canopy cover product that prioritizes pinyon-juniper treatment by significance to sage-grouse habitat improvement. Importantly, the canopy cover maps were developed to allow user-specified flexibility based on their own objectives (i.e., develop phases of expansion). These products improve upon or complement existing conifer maps for the Western United States and will help facilitate habitat management and sagebrush ecosystem restoration through an accurate understanding of conifer distribution and abundance at multiple spatial scales.

松树（Pinus monophylla）和杜松（Juniperus bonesperma，J. occidentalis）树（以下称为“ pinyon-juniper”）的分布扩展和填充到鼠尾草生态系统中，改变了这些生态系统的生态功能和经济生存能力，这代表了当今面临的一项重大挑战土地和野生动植物管理者。因此，在宽阔的地理范围内准确，高分辨率地绘制松柏分布和丰富度的地图，将有助于科学量化松柏扩展的生态影响，并有助于指导土地管理决策，从而更好地将松柏处理项目作为目标区域。我们在高（1- m ²; 也就是说，在内华达州大部分地区和加利福尼亚东北部地区的分辨率为1×1-m）。我们使用了来自国家农业影像计划（USDA，2013）的数字正射影像四边形图块，通过程序Feature Analyst™（守望先锋，2013）使用自动特征提取（AFE）对针叶树进行分类。对于地面参考方法，在所有地图区域中的总体精度均> 86％。我们为土地管理者提供五套全图：（1）一个shapefile，代表与制图子单元相关的准确性结果；（2）以1 m ^2的分辨率表示针叶树的存在或不存在的二元栅格；（3）900-m ²分辨率的栅格，表示每个像元内针叶树冠层的覆盖百分比；（4）1米²半径为50 m的移动窗口分析得出的分辨率冠层覆盖分类栅格；（5）从我们的树冠覆盖产品获得的示例地图，该地图优先考虑了对松鼠松鼠栖息地的改善，对松子杜松进行优先处理。重要的是，机盖覆盖图的开发旨在允许用户根据其自身的目标（即，开发阶段）进行指定的灵活性。这些产品改进或补充了美国西部现有的针叶树地图，并将通过准确了解多个空间尺度上的针叶树分布和丰度，帮助促进栖息地管理和鼠尾草生态系统的恢复。