The aim of this study was to investigate whether thymoquinone (TQ) could alleviate diclofenac (DCLF)-induced gastrointestinal and renal toxicity in rats. Diclofenac was administered via intramuscular injection twice daily for 5 days and TQ was given by gavage for the same period. Hematological and biochemical profiles were measured with autoanalyzers while reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assayed by standard kits. Tissue injuries were evaluated by microscopy and histopathological scoring. Diclofenac treatment caused kidney and liver function test abnormalities, reduced hematocrit and hemoglobin levels but increased WBC and platelet counts. Histopathological findings showed renal tubular damage, gastrointestinal lesions and increased fibrosis in DCLF treated rats. Thymoquinone administration, along with DCLF treatment, attenuated hematological test abnormalities and DCLF induced renal functional impairment as evident by significantly restored serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Similarly, TQ treatment significantly alleviated liver function test abnormalities and decreased tissue injury in the stomach and duodenum. Diclofenac treatment caused increased ROS/RNS formation and decreased TAC in the kidney, stomach and duodenal tissue. Thymoquinone administration increased gastrointestinal and renal TAC in DCLF treated rats. These results indicate that TQ could ameliorate gastrointestinal and renal toxicity induced by high dose DCLF treatment.

这项研究的目的是调查胸腺醌（TQ）是否可以减轻双氯芬酸（DCLF）诱导的大鼠胃肠道和肾脏毒性。双氯芬酸每天两次肌内注射给药，持续5天，TQ在同一时期通过管饲法给予。用自动分析仪测量血液和生化特征，同时用标准试剂盒测定活性氧/氮物质（ROS / RNS）的生成和总抗氧化能力（TAC）。通过显微镜检查和组织病理学评分评估组织损伤。双氯芬酸治疗引起肾和肝功能检查异常，血细胞比容和血红蛋白水平降低，但白细胞和血小板计数增加。组织病理学结果显示，在接受DCLF治疗的大鼠中，肾小管受损，胃肠道病变和纤维化增加。胸腺嘧啶酮的施用，以及DCLF的治疗，可减轻血液学检查异常和DCLF引起的肾功能损害，这一点可通过明显恢复血清肌酐和血尿素氮水平来证明。同样，TQ治疗可显着减轻肝脏功能测试异常，并减少胃和十二指肠的组织损伤。双氯芬酸治疗导致肾脏，胃和十二指肠组织中ROS / RNS形成增加，TAC降低。在DCLF治疗的大鼠中，给予胸腺醌会增加胃肠道和肾脏的TAC。这些结果表明，TQ可以改善高剂量DCLF治疗引起的胃肠道和肾脏毒性。血清肌酐和血尿素氮水平的显着恢复可明显减轻血液测试异常和DCLF引起的肾功能损害。同样，TQ治疗可显着减轻肝脏功能测试异常，并减少胃和十二指肠的组织损伤。双氯芬酸治疗导致肾脏，胃和十二指肠组织中ROS / RNS形成增加，TAC降低。在DCLF治疗的大鼠中，给予胸腺醌会增加胃肠道和肾脏的TAC。这些结果表明，TQ可以改善高剂量DCLF治疗引起的胃肠道和肾脏毒性。血清肌酐和血尿素氮水平的显着恢复可明显减轻血液测试异常和DCLF引起的肾功能损害。同样，TQ治疗可显着减轻肝脏功能测试异常，并减少胃和十二指肠的组织损伤。双氯芬酸治疗导致肾脏，胃和十二指肠组织中ROS / RNS形成增加，TAC降低。在DCLF治疗的大鼠中，给予胸腺醌会增加胃肠道和肾脏的TAC。这些结果表明，TQ可以改善高剂量DCLF治疗引起的胃肠道和肾脏毒性。双氯芬酸治疗导致肾脏，胃和十二指肠组织中ROS / RNS形成增加，TAC降低。在DCLF治疗的大鼠中，给予胸腺醌会增加胃肠道和肾脏的TAC。这些结果表明，TQ可以改善高剂量DCLF治疗引起的胃肠道和肾脏毒性。双氯芬酸治疗导致肾脏，胃和十二指肠组织中ROS / RNS形成增加，TAC降低。在DCLF治疗的大鼠中，给予胸腺醌会增加胃肠道和肾脏的TAC。这些结果表明，TQ可以改善高剂量DCLF治疗引起的胃肠道和肾脏毒性。