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Can explicit suggestions about the harmfulness of EMF exposure exacerbate a nocebo response in healthy controls?
Environmental Research ( IF 7.7 ) Pub Date : 2018-06-21 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.032
Adam Verrender , Sarah P. Loughran , Anna Dalecki , Frederik Freudenstein , Rodney J. Croft

While there has been consistent evidence that symptoms reported by individuals who suffer from Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to Electromagnetic Fields (IEI-EMF) are not caused by EMF and are more closely associated with a nocebo effect, whether this response is specific to IEI-EMF sufferers and what triggers it, remains unclear. The present experiment tested whether perceived EMF exposure could elicit symptoms in healthy participants, and whether viewing an ‘alarmist’ video could exacerbate a nocebo response. Participants were randomly assigned to watch either an alarmist (N = 22) or control video (N = 22) before completing a series of sham and active radiofrequency (RF) EMF exposure provocation trials (2 open-label, followed by 12 randomized, double-blind, counterbalanced trials). Pre- and post-video state anxiety and risk perception, as well as belief of exposure and symptom ratings during the open-label and double-blind provocation trials, were assessed. Symptoms were higher in the open-label RF-ON than RF-OFF trial (p < .001). No difference in either symptoms (p = .183) or belief of exposure (p = .144) was observed in the double-blind trials. Participants who viewed the alarmist video had a significant increase in symptoms (p = .041), state anxiety (p < .01) and risk perception (p < .001) relative to the control group. These results reveal the crucial role of awareness and belief in the presentation of symptoms during perceived exposure to EMF, showing that healthy participants exhibit a nocebo response, and that alarmist media reports emphasizing adverse effects of EMF also contribute to a nocebo response.



中文翻译:

关于EMF暴露危害的明确建议是否可以加剧健康对照中的nocebo反应?

尽管有一致的证据表明由电磁场(IEI-EMF)引起的特发性环境不耐受的患者所报告的症状不是由EMF引起的,而是与Nocebo效应密切相关,但是此响应是否特定于IEI-EMF受害者及其原因尚不清楚。本实验测试了感知到的EMF暴露是否可以引起健康参与者的症状,以及观看“警报”视频是否可以加剧Nocebo反应。随机分配参与者观看报警器(N  = 22)或控制视频(N = 22),然后再进行一系列假手术和主动射频(RF)EMF暴露激发试验(2项开放标签试验,然后进行12项随机,双盲,平衡试验)。在开放标签和双盲挑衅试验期间,评估了视频前后的状态焦虑和风险感知,以及对暴露和症状等级的看法。开放标签RF-ON的症状高于RF-OFF试验(p  <.001)。在任一症状无差异(p  = 0.183)或暴露的信念(p 在双盲试验中观察= 0.144)。观看警报器视频的参与者的症状(p =  .041),状态焦虑(p <  .01)和风险感知(p <.001)。这些结果揭示了认知和信念在感知到的暴露于EMF期间的症状表现中的关键作用,表明健康的参与者表现出Nocebo反应,而危言耸听的媒体报道强调EMF的不良反应也有助于Nocebo反应。

更新日期:2018-06-21
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