Chemical bonding is a fundamental but complex topic, which has traditionally been associated with learning difficulties, misunderstandings, and misconceptions. This paper reviews some previous studies, concerning students’ conceptual difficulties and reports the findings from a research study with Greek students, which set out to examine their knowledge and understanding of a number of key concepts related to bonding. Three student samples were studied; one consisted of tenth-grade students from three public schools, the second contained first-year chemistry and biology students at the beginning of their university courses, and the third involved tenth-grade students from a prestigious private school. The students generally exhibited limited knowledge and possessed certain misconceptions, with the private school and the university students demonstrating better knowledge than the public school students. A quasi-experimental research design was employed using students from the private school, with some students used as a control group and others as a treatment group. The control group was taught using the standard Greek chemistry textbook, while the treatment group used enriched teaching material. It was found that while the two groups demonstrated similar performance for many bonding concepts, the treatment group did show superior knowledge with respect to a number of issues, such as the role of electrostatic interactions, electronegativity, and bond polarity.

中文翻译：

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化学键的教与学：基于研究的证据，表明高中学生所经历的误解和概念上的困难以及丰富文本的作用†

化学键是一个基本但复杂的话题，传统上与​​学习困难，误解和误解有关。本文回顾了有关学生在概念上的困难的一些先前研究，并报告了与希腊学生进行的一项研究研究的结果，该研究旨在考察他们对与粘接有关的许多关键概念的知识和理解。研究了三个学生样本；一个是由来自三所公立学校的十年级学生组成的，第二个是在大学课程开始时就读了一年级化学和生物学的学生，而第三个则是来自著名的私立学校的十年级的学生。这些学生通常知识有限，并且有某些误解，私立学校和大学生比公立学校的学生表现出更好的知识。使用来自私立学校的学生进行了准实验研究设计，其中一些学生用作对照组，另一些学生用作治疗组。对照组是使用标准的希腊化学教科书进行教学的，而治疗组则使用了丰富的教材。结果发现，尽管两组在许多键合概念上表现出相似的性能，但治疗组确实在许多问题上表现出了卓越的知识，例如静电相互作用，电负性和键合极性的作用。其中一些学生用作对照组，另一些学生用作治疗组。对照组是使用标准的希腊化学教科书进行教学的，而治疗组则使用了丰富的教材。结果发现，尽管两组在许多键合概念上表现出相似的性能，但治疗组确实在许多问题上表现出了卓越的知识，例如静电相互作用，电负性和键合极性的作用。其中一些学生用作对照组，另一些学生用作治疗组。对照组是使用标准的希腊化学教科书进行教学的，而治疗组则使用了丰富的教材。结果发现，尽管两组在许多键合概念上表现出相似的性能，但治疗组确实在许多问题上表现出了卓越的知识，例如静电相互作用，电负性和键合极性的作用。