Abstract Conserving multiple facets of biodiversity is important for sustaining ecosystems. However, understanding relationships between faunal diversity and measurable ecosystem quantities, such as heterogeneity and productivity, across continental scales can be complicated by disparate methods. We developed standardized approaches using lidar data and spectral greenness data (via NDVI; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from 637 sampling plots across four sites in North America, Europe, and Asia to test the local effects of habitat heterogeneity and productivity on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of breeding bird assemblages using boosted generalized additive models. Our results revealed the 3-D (three dimensional) vegetation structure (horizontal and vertical) to be of similar importance as NDVI in multiple biodiversity measures, and the importance of 3-D structure was higher for functional and phylogenetic biodiversity measures than for taxonomic measures. We found congruent responses between functional and phylogenetic diversity; however, patterns of taxonomic diversity differed from those of functional/phylogenetic diversity for most predictors. For example, NDVI had positive relationships with taxonomic diversity, but negative relationships with functional/phylogenetic diversity. The effect of canopy density on taxonomic diversity was generally bell-shaped, whereas the relationship was U-shaped for functional and phylogenetic diversity. As a result, this study supports a silviculture strategy with a high variety of canopy densities and vertical variabilities across forest stands to create maximum benefits for regional biodiversity. Here, early succession stands and closed stands sustain functionally-rich bird assemblages, while stands with a medium canopy density promote species-rich assemblages.

中文翻译：

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鸟类组合的分类、功能和系统发育多样性与温带森林的生产力和异质性呈相反的相关性

摘要 保护生物多样性的多个方面对于维持生态系统很重要。然而，跨大陆尺度的动物群多样性与可测量的生态系统数量（如异质性和生产力）之间的关系可能会因不同的方法而变得复杂。我们使用来自北美、欧洲和亚洲四个地点的 637 个采样地的激光雷达数据和光谱绿度数据（通过 NDVI；归一化差异植被指数）开发了标准化方法，以测试栖息地异质性和生产力对分类、功能、使用增强的广义可加模型研究繁殖鸟类组合的系统发育多样性。我们的结果表明，3-D（三维）植被结构（水平和垂直）在多种生物多样性测量中与 NDVI 具有相似的重要性，并且 3-D 结构对于功能和系统发育生物多样性测量的重要性高于分类学测量. 我们发现功能多样性和系统发育多样性之间存在一致的反应；然而，大多数预测因子的分类多样性模式与功能/系统发育多样性模式不同。例如，NDVI 与分类多样性呈正相关，但与功能/系统发育多样性呈负相关。冠层密度对分类多样性的影响一般呈钟形，而对功能多样性和系统发育多样性的影响则呈 U 型。因此，该研究支持在林分中具有多种冠层密度和垂直变化的造林战略，为区域生物多样性创造最大利益。在这里，早期演替林分和封闭林分维持功能丰富的鸟类组合，而中等树冠密度的林分促进物种丰富的组合。