Abstract The presence of black powder in natural gas pipelines can lead to equipment erosion, valve failure, instrumentation malfunction, and increased pressure drop. However, despite its impact on downstream and midstream operations, black powder production is poorly understood. In the present work, black powder formation as a result of corrosion was investigated by simulating sales gas conditions in a glass cell. Steel specimens were systematically exposed to a range of CO2, H2S, and O2 partial pressures at differing water condensation rates. The potential for hygroscopic material assisting black powder formation was also investigated. Friable corrosion products found in dewing conditions consisted of siderite (FeCO3), mackinawite (FeS), and hematite (Fe2O3). The expected mass of corrosion products, as determined from experimental corrosion rates, are in line with the high levels of black powder that can be experienced. The presence of hygroscopic NaCl crystals facilitated corrosion at relative humidities as low as 33%.

中文翻译：

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由结露和吸湿腐蚀过程形成的黑色粉末

摘要 天然气管道中黑色粉末的存在会导致设备腐蚀、阀门故障、仪表故障和压降增加。然而，尽管它对下游和中游运营产生影响，但人们对黑粉生产知之甚少。在目前的工作中，通过模拟玻璃池中的销售气体条件，研究了腐蚀导致的黑色粉末形成。钢试样在不同的水冷凝速率下系统地暴露于一系列 CO2、H2S 和 O2 分压。还研究了吸湿材料有助于形成黑色粉末的潜力。在露水条件下发现的易碎腐蚀产物包括菱铁矿 (FeCO3)、麦基诺矿 (FeS) 和赤铁矿 (Fe2O3)。腐蚀产物的预期质量，根据实验腐蚀率确定，与可以经历的高水平黑色粉末一致。吸湿性 NaCl 晶体的存在促进了在低至 33% 的相对湿度下的腐蚀。