The ability to direct targeted intercellular interactions has the potential to enable and expand the use of cell-based therapies for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and immunotherapy. While genetic engineering approaches have proven effective, these techniques are not amenable to all cell types and often yield permanent modifications with potentially long-lasting adverse effects, restricting their application. To circumvent these limitations, there is intense interest in developing non-genetic methods to modify cell membranes with functional groups that will enable the recognition of target cells. While many such techniques have been developed, relatively few have been applied to directing specific cell-cell interactions. This review details these non-genetic membrane engineering approaches-namely, hydrophobic membrane insertion, chemical modification, liposome fusion, metabolic engineering, and enzymatic remodeling-and summarizes their major applications. Based on this analysis, perspective is provided on the ideal features of these systems with an emphasis on the potential for clinical translation.

中文翻译：

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通过非遗传膜工程编程细胞间相互作用。

直接靶向细胞间相互作用的能力有可能实现和扩大基于细胞的疗法在再生医学、组织工程和免疫疗法中的应用。虽然基因工程方法已被证明是有效的，但这些技术并不适用于所有细胞类型，并且常常会产生永久性修饰，并可能产生长期的不利影响，从而限制了它们的应用。为了规避这些限制，人们对开发非遗传方法用功能基团修饰细胞膜产生了浓厚的兴趣，从而能够识别靶细胞。虽然已经开发了许多此类技术，但应用于指导特定细胞间相互作用的技术相对较少。这篇综述详细介绍了这些非遗传膜工程方法，即疏水膜插入、化学修饰、脂质体融合、代谢工程和酶促重塑，并总结了它们的主要应用。基于此分析，我们对这些系统的理想特征进行了展望，重点是临床转化的潜力。