Phenols are classified as polar narcotics, which are thought to cause toxicity by non-specific mechanisms, possibly by disrupting membrane structure and function. Here we test three phenolic chemicals, phenol, 2,4-dichlorphenol and pentachlorophenol on embryo development, heartbeat rate and mitochondrial respiration in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). While these chemicals have been used on isolated mitochondria, they have not yet been used to verify respiration in intact embryos. Mitochondrial respiration in intact embryos was measured after optimizing the Seahorse XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Heartbeat rate and mitochondrial respiration patterns of fathead minnow embryos at different developmental stages were also characterized. Exposures of embryos at developmental stage 20 occurred for 24 h with five concentrations of each phenolic compound ranging from 0.85 to 255 μM for phenol, 0.49 to 147 μM for 2,4-dichlorophenol and 0.3 to 90 μM for pentachlorophenol. Exposure to phenol at the concentrations tested had no effects on development, heartbeat or mitochondrial respiration. However, both 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol showed dose-dependent effects on development, heartbeat rate, and mitochondrial respiration, with the effects occurring at lower concentrations of pentachlorophenol, compared to 2,4-dichlorophenol, highlighting the higher toxicity of the more chlorinated phenols. Both 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol decreased basal mitochondrial respiration of embryos and ATP production. These results indicate that higher chlorinated phenolic chemicals cause developmental toxicity in fathead minnow embryos by decreasing mitochondrial respiration and heartbeat rate.

苯酚被归类为极性麻醉剂，被认为是通过非特异性机制（可能通过破坏膜的结构和功能）引起毒性。在这里，我们测试了三种黑头酚（Pimephales promelas）对黑头fat的胚胎发育，心跳速率和线粒体呼吸的三种酚类化学物质，即苯酚，2,4-二氯苯酚和五氯苯酚。）。尽管这些化学物质已用于分离的线粒体，但尚未用于验证完整胚胎的呼吸作用。优化Seahorse XFe24细胞外通量分析仪后，测量完整胚胎的线粒体呼吸。还对不同发育阶段的黑头min鱼胚胎的心跳速率和线粒体呼吸模式进行了表征。胚胎在发育阶段20暴露24小时，其中五种浓度的每种酚类化合物的浓度分别为：苯酚为0.85至255μM，2,4-二氯苯酚为0.49至147μM，五氯苯酚为0.3至90μM。在所测试的浓度下暴露于苯酚对发育，心跳或线粒体呼吸没有影响。但是，2,4-二氯苯酚和五氯苯酚均显示出对发育的剂量依赖性效应，与2,4-二氯苯酚相比，五氯苯酚的浓度较低时会产生心跳率和线粒体呼吸，这表明氯化程度更高的氯酚的毒性更高。2,4-二氯苯酚和五氯苯酚均会降低胚胎的基础线粒体呼吸和ATP产生。这些结果表明，较高的氯化酚类化学物质通过降低线粒体呼吸和心跳速率，在黑头min鱼胚胎中引起发育毒性。