Biological and bio-inspired mineralization processes yield a variety of three-dimensional structures with relevance for fields such as photonics, electronics and photovoltaics. However, these processes are only compatible with specific material compositions, often carbonate salts, thereby hampering widespread applications. Here we present a strategy to convert a wide range of metal carbonate structures into lead halide perovskite semiconductors with tunable bandgaps, while preserving the 3D shape. First, we introduce lead ions by cation exchange. Second, we use carbonate as a leaving group, facilitating anion exchange with halide, which is followed rapidly by methylammonium insertion to form the perovskite. As proof of principle, pre-programmed carbonate salt shapes such as vases, coral-like forms and helices are transformed into perovskites while preserving the morphology and crystallinity of the initial micro-architectures. This approach also readily converts calcium carbonate biominerals into semiconductors, furnishing biological and programmable synthetic shapes with the performance of artificial compositions such as perovskite-based semiconductors.

受生物和生物启发的矿化过程产生了各种三维结构，这些三维结构与光子学，电子学和光伏技术等领域相关。但是，这些方法仅与特定的材料组成（通常为碳酸盐）兼容，从而妨碍了广泛的应用。在这里，我们提出一种将多种金属碳酸盐结构转换为具有可调带隙的卤化钙钛矿半导体的策略，同时保留3D形状。首先，我们通过阳离子交换引入铅离子。其次，我们使用碳酸根作为离去基团，促进与卤化物的阴离子交换，然后迅速插入甲基铵以形成钙钛矿。作为原理证明，预编程的碳酸盐形状如花瓶，珊瑚状形式和螺旋状转变为钙钛矿，同时保留了初始微体系结构的形态和结晶度。这种方法还可以轻松地将碳酸钙生物矿物质转换为半导体，从而提供具有人造成分（例如钙钛矿基半导体）性能的生物形状和可编程合成形状。