The hyperaccumulation of trace elements is a widely characterized phenomenon in plants, bacteria, and fungi, but has received little attention in animals. However, there are numerous examples of animals that specifically and facultatively accumulate trace elements in the absence of elevated environmental concentrations. Metal hyperaccumulating animals are usually marine invertebrates, likely owing to environmental (e.g. constant exposure via the water) and physiological (e.g. osmoconforming and reduced integument permeability) factors. However, there are examples of terrestrial animals (insect larvae) and marine vertebrates (e.g. squirrelfish) that accumulate high body and/or tissue metal burdens. This review examines examples of animal hyperaccumulation of the elements arsenic, copper, iron, titanium, vanadium and zinc, describing mechanisms by which accumulation occurs and, where possible, hypothesizing functional roles. Groups such as the ascidians (sea squirts), molluscs (gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods) and polychaete annelids feature prominently as animals with hyperaccumulating capacity. Many of these species are potential model organisms offering insight into fundamental processes underlying metal handling, with relevance to human disease and aquatic metal toxicity, and some offer promise in applied fields such as bioremediation.

中文翻译：

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从海鞘到松鼠鱼：动物体内微量元素的过度积累

在植物，细菌和真菌中，微量元素的过度积累是一种特征广泛的现象，但在动物中却很少受到关注。然而，有许多动物的实例，它们在没有升高的环境浓度的情况下特异性地和兼蓄地积累痕量元素。金属超积累动物通常是海洋无脊椎动物，可能由于环境（例如恒定曝光经由水）和生理（例如osmoconforming和降低外皮渗透性）的因素。但是，有一些陆生动物（昆虫幼虫）和海洋脊椎动物（例如squirrelfish）堆积大量的身体和/或组织金属负担。这篇综述研究了动物体内砷，铜，铁，钛，钒和锌元素过度富集的例子，描述了发生富集的机制，并在可能的情况下假设了功能性作用。诸如海鞘（海鞘），软体动物（腹足类，双壳类和头足类）和多足类动物类的动物群具有明显的高蓄积能力。这些物种中有许多是潜在的模式生物，可洞察与人类疾病和水生金属毒性有关的金属处理的基本过程，并且在生物修复等应用领域中具有广阔的前景。