Superoxide dismutases (SODs), a family of ubiquitous enzymes, provide essential protection to biological systems against uncontrolled reactions with oxygen- and nitrogen- based radical species. We review first the role of SODs in oxidative stress and the other biological functions such as peroxidase, nitrite oxidase, thiol oxidase activities etc., implicating its role in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, and ageing. Also, this review focuses on the development of electrochemical label-free immunosensor for SOD1 and the recent advances in biosensing assay methods based on their catalytic and biological functions with various substrates including reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide), nitric oxide metabolites (nitrite, nitrate) and thiols using thiol oxidase activity. Furthermore, we emphasize the progress made in improving the detection performance through incorporation of the SOD into conducting polymers and nanocomposite matrices. In addition, we address the potential opportunities, challenges, advances in electrochemical-sensing platforms and development of portable analyzer for point-of-care applications.

超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）是一种普遍存在的酶，可为生物系统提供必要的保护，以防止其与基于氧和氮的自由基发生不可控的反应。我们首先回顾一下SOD在氧化应激中的作用以及其他生物学功能，例如过氧化物酶，亚硝酸盐氧化酶，硫醇氧化酶活性等，暗示其在神经退行性疾病，心血管疾病和衰老中的作用。此外，本文的重点是针对SOD1的无电化学标记免疫传感器的开发以及基于生物传感器测定方法的催化和生物功能的最新进展，这些方法具有多种底物，包括活性氧（超氧阴离子自由基，过氧化氢），一氧化氮代谢产物（亚硝酸盐，硝酸盐）和硫醇，利用硫醇氧化酶活性。此外，我们强调通过将SOD掺入导电聚合物和纳米复合材料基质来改善检测性能方面取得的进展。此外，我们还应对潜在的机遇，挑战，电化学传感平台的进步以及针对即时医疗应用的便携式分析仪的开发。