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The morphology and surface charge-dependent cellular uptake efficiency of upconversion nanostructures revealed by single-particle optical microscopy†
Chemical Science ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2018-05-18 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01828f Di Zhang 1 , Lin Wei 2 , Meile Zhong 2 , Lehui Xiao 1, 2 , Hung-Wing Li 3 , Jianfang Wang 4
Chemical Science ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2018-05-18 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01828f Di Zhang 1 , Lin Wei 2 , Meile Zhong 2 , Lehui Xiao 1, 2 , Hung-Wing Li 3 , Jianfang Wang 4
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The cellular uptake efficiency of nanostructures has been demonstrated to be highly dependent on the surface charge, size and shape although the cellular internalization process is still far from being well-understood. In this work, a series of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with different morphologies and surface coatings were prepared to explore the influence of surface charge and morphology on the cellular internalization process with single-particle fluorescence microscopy. It is found that the higher the surface charge and larger the surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles, the more efficient the cellular uptake will be. Particularly, the surface charge is demonstrated to be the primary influence factor for small sized nanoparticles on the cellular uptake process. By blocking the endocytosis routes with temperature modulation (from 37 to 4 °C) or introduction of chemical inhibitors (dynasore and genistein), multiplexed mechanisms are found to be involved in the cellular uptake process, including clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, physical adhesion and penetration, and so on. Moreover, in the aspect of size effect, an energy-dependent endocytosis process plays a more important role for larger size particles. In short, this study presents a pattern of cellular internalization pathway for the nanoparticles with different morphologies and surface charges, which would provide useful information for the development of robust drug delivery systems.
中文翻译：
单粒子光学显微镜揭示的上转换纳米结构的形态和表面电荷依赖性细胞摄取效率†
纳米结构的细胞摄取效率已被证明高度依赖于表面电荷、尺寸和形状，尽管细胞内化过程仍远未得到充分了解。本工作制备了一系列具有不同形貌和表面涂层的NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+上转换纳米颗粒(UCNP)，利用单颗粒荧光显微镜探讨表面电荷和形貌对细胞内化过程的影响。研究发现，纳米颗粒的表面电荷越高，表面积与体积之比越大，细胞摄取的效率就越高。特别是，表面电荷被证明是小尺寸纳米粒子对细胞摄取过程的主要影响因素。通过调节温度（从 37 至 4 °C）或引入化学抑制剂（dynasore 和金雀异黄素）来阻断内吞途径，发现细胞摄取过程涉及多重机制，包括网格蛋白和小窝介导的内吞作用、物理附着力、渗透力等。此外，在尺寸效应方面，能量依赖性内吞过程对于较大尺寸的颗粒起着更重要的作用。简而言之，这项研究提出了具有不同形态和表面电荷的纳米颗粒的细胞内化途径模式，这将为开发稳健的药物输送系统提供有用的信息。
更新日期：2018-05-18
中文翻译：
单粒子光学显微镜揭示的上转换纳米结构的形态和表面电荷依赖性细胞摄取效率†
纳米结构的细胞摄取效率已被证明高度依赖于表面电荷、尺寸和形状，尽管细胞内化过程仍远未得到充分了解。本工作制备了一系列具有不同形貌和表面涂层的NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+上转换纳米颗粒(UCNP)，利用单颗粒荧光显微镜探讨表面电荷和形貌对细胞内化过程的影响。研究发现，纳米颗粒的表面电荷越高，表面积与体积之比越大，细胞摄取的效率就越高。特别是，表面电荷被证明是小尺寸纳米粒子对细胞摄取过程的主要影响因素。通过调节温度（从 37 至 4 °C）或引入化学抑制剂（dynasore 和金雀异黄素）来阻断内吞途径，发现细胞摄取过程涉及多重机制，包括网格蛋白和小窝介导的内吞作用、物理附着力、渗透力等。此外，在尺寸效应方面，能量依赖性内吞过程对于较大尺寸的颗粒起着更重要的作用。简而言之，这项研究提出了具有不同形态和表面电荷的纳米颗粒的细胞内化途径模式，这将为开发稳健的药物输送系统提供有用的信息。
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