Abstract A low-cost kaolin hollow fiber membrane (KHFM) with unique finger-like and sponge-like structures was successfully fabricated by utilizing cheap and abundantly available kaolin clay as the starting material via phase inversion/sintering technique. In this study, mixing kaolin particles prepare the ceramic suspension, dispersant, polymer binder, and solvent using a planetary ball mill. This process is then followed by extrusion at various kaolin contents, bore fluid flow rates, and sintering temperatures ranging from 1200 to 1500 °C. The effect of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content and polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight as a function of pore agents are also discussed. Membrane characterizations were performed in terms of morphology, pore size distribution, porosity, mechanical strength, contact angle value, and pure water flux. The performance of membranes towards oil-in-water separation was conducted using oily wastewater samples taken from three points in Johor, Malaysia which were Kluang Oil Palm Mill Sdn. Bhd. in Kluang district, a car wash in Taman Skudai Baru in Johor Bahru district, and Meranti cafe, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). The optimum parameters in fabricating the inexpensive KHFM were identified. It was found that the increase of kaolin content, bore fluid flow rate, and sintering temperature gave insignificant effect in the formation of finger–like structure but the process can be used to find a defect-free (i.e., rounded lumen and sufficient thickness) hollow fiber membrane shape. Interestingly, the finger-like structure can be controlled by the addition of PEG as a pore agent at different molecular weights. KHFM prepared with PEG 30,000 as a pore agent offered the highest oil rejection of 99.99% of turbidity and total organic carbon (TOC), and 91.8% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) with stable high flux of 320 L/m2h for all oily wastewater samples.

中文翻译：

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使用相转化/烧结技术制备的廉价高岭土中空纤维膜 (KHFM) 的制备和表征，用于有效分离实际含油废水

摘要 以价格低廉且资源丰富的高岭土为原料，通过相转化/烧结技术，成功制备了具有独特指状和海绵状结构的低成本高岭土中空纤维膜（KHFM）。在本研究中，使用行星式球磨机混合高岭土颗粒制备陶瓷悬浮液、分散剂、聚合物粘合剂和溶剂。然后在此过程之后以不同的高岭土含量、内腔流体流速和 1200 至 1500 °C 的烧结温度进行挤出。还讨论了碳酸钙 (CaCO3) 含量和聚乙二醇 (PEG) 分子量对孔隙剂的影响。在形态、孔径分布、孔隙率、机械强度、接触角值和纯水通量方面对膜进行表征。膜对水包油分离的性能是使用从马来西亚柔佛州的三个地点（居銮油棕厂有限公司）采集的含油废水样本进行的。位于居銮区的 Bhd.，位于新山区 Taman Skudai Baru 的洗车店，以及马来西亚理工大学 (UTM) 的 Meranti 咖啡馆。确定了制造廉价 KHFM 的最佳参数。结果表明，高岭土含量、孔内流体流速和烧结温度的增加对指状结构的形成影响不大，但该过程可用于寻找无缺陷（即圆润的管腔和足够的厚度）中空纤维膜形状。有趣的是，手指状结构可以通过添加不同分子量的 PEG 作为孔剂来控制。用 PEG 30 制备的 KHFM，