Novel photovoltaic technologies such as perovskites hold the promise of a reduced levelized cost of electricity, but the low-cost potential depends on the ability to scale-up solution-based deposition. So far, complex fluid dynamics have limited the solution deposition of uniform pinhole-free organic–inorganic perovskite thin films over large areas. Here, we show that very small amounts (tens of parts per million) of surfactants (for example, l-α-Phosphatidylcholine) dramatically alter the fluid drying dynamics and increase the adhesion of the perovskite ink to the underlying non-wetting charge transport layer. The additives enable blading of smooth perovskite films at a coating rate of 180 m h^–1 with root-mean-square roughness of 14.5 nm over 1 cm. The surfactants also passivate charge traps, resulting in efficiencies over 20% for small-area solar cells. Fast blading in air of perovskite films results in stabilized module efficiencies of 15.3% and 14.6% measured at aperture areas of 33.0 cm² and 57.2 cm², respectively.

钙钛矿等新型光伏技术有望降低电价的平均水平，但低成本潜力取决于扩大基于溶液的沉积的能力。到目前为止，复杂的流体动力学限制了大面积均匀无针孔有机-无机钙钛矿薄膜的溶液沉积。在这里，我们显示了极少量（百万分之几十）的表面活性剂（例如，l -α-磷脂酰胆碱）显着改变了流体的干燥动力学并增加了钙钛矿油墨对下面的非润湿电荷传输层的附着力。添加剂可在180 m h ^–1的涂覆速率下对光滑的钙钛矿薄膜进行刮涂。在1厘米上的均方根粗糙度为14.5 nm。表面活性剂还会钝化电荷陷阱，导致小面积太阳能电池的效率超过20％。钙钛矿薄膜在空气中的快速刮擦导致在33.0 cm ²和57.2 cm ^2的孔口面积处测得的稳定模块效率分别为15.3％和14.6％。