Abstract Health risk assessment of trace elements (TrElems) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been studied based on the total element concentrations or more recently on the phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-soluble concentrations. However, behaviors of the TrElems released from PM2.5 change considerably as the interacting media change. In this study, the bioaccessibility of particulate-bound TrElems (V, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd and Pb) were investigated using three kinds of simulated body fluids, artificial lung fluid (ALF), artificial sweat (AS), and artificial gastric juice (AGJ), comparing with the commonly used PBS. Many TrElems, especially Pb, showed lower solubility in PBS than that in other fluids. Cu, Mn, V and As were observed to be the most soluble TrElems in all simulated body fluids. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects were evaluated using ALF, AS and AGJ-soluble fractions (representing the corresponding exposure routes: inhalation, dermal contact and ingestion) according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) human health risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risks of As and Pb were higher than 1 × 10−6 (the acceptable level) for both adults and children. High hazard quotient (HQ) values for As and Pb were also observed for children, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic risk posed by these toxic elements. Our results demonstrated that the health risks of particulate-bound TrElems might be misjudged if using the PBS-soluble or total element contents alone.

中文翻译：

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不同模拟体液中细颗粒物微量元素的生物可及性及健康风险

摘要 细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 中微量元素 (TrElems) 的健康风险评估已根据总元素浓度或最近的磷酸盐缓冲盐水 (PBS) 可溶浓度进行了研究。然而，随着交互媒体的变化，从 PM2.5 释放的 TrElems 的行为发生了很大变化。在这项研究中，使用三种模拟体液，人工肺液（ALF），人工汗液（AS）研究了颗粒结合的TrElems（V，Mn，Co，Ni，Cu，As，Cd和Pb）的生物可及性和人工胃液 (AGJ)，与常用的 PBS 进行比较。许多 TrElems，尤其是 Pb，在 PBS 中的溶解度低于在其他流体中的溶解度。观察到 Cu、Mn、V 和 As 是所有模拟体液中溶解度最高的 TrElem。根据美国环境保护署 (USEPA) 人类健康风险评估模型，使用 ALF、AS 和 AGJ 可溶部分（代表相应的暴露途径：吸入、皮肤接触和摄入）评估致癌和非致癌作用。As 和 Pb 的致癌风险对成人和儿童均高于 1 × 10−6（可接受水平）。在儿童中也观察到 As 和 Pb 的高危险商 (HQ) 值，表明这些有毒元素构成潜在的非致癌风险。我们的结果表明，如果单独使用 PBS 可溶性或总元素含量，则可能会误判颗粒结合 TrElems 的健康风险。皮肤接触和摄入）根据美国环境保护署 (USEPA) 人类健康风险评估模型。As 和 Pb 的致癌风险对成人和儿童均高于 1 × 10−6（可接受水平）。在儿童中也观察到 As 和 Pb 的高危险商 (HQ) 值，表明这些有毒元素构成潜在的非致癌风险。我们的结果表明，如果单独使用 PBS 可溶性或总元素含量，则可能会误判颗粒结合 TrElems 的健康风险。皮肤接触和摄入）根据美国环境保护署 (USEPA) 人类健康风险评估模型。As 和 Pb 的致癌风险对成人和儿童均高于 1 × 10−6（可接受水平）。在儿童中也观察到 As 和 Pb 的高危险商 (HQ) 值，表明这些有毒元素构成潜在的非致癌风险。我们的结果表明，如果单独使用 PBS 可溶性或总元素含量，则可能会误判颗粒结合 TrElems 的健康风险。表明这些有毒元素存在潜在的非致癌风险。我们的结果表明，如果单独使用 PBS 可溶性或总元素含量，则可能会误判颗粒结合 TrElems 的健康风险。表明这些有毒元素存在潜在的非致癌风险。我们的结果表明，如果单独使用 PBS 可溶性或总元素含量，则可能会误判颗粒结合 TrElems 的健康风险。