Granting indigenous people legal land titles has emerged as an intervention to implement decentralized governance. Tenure reforms, however, may not avoid land expropriation and degradation without supporting institutions that enforce exclusion rights. Focusing on land expropriation in the Andean-Amazonian region, this review looks at enabling conditions and challenges for aligning tenure reforms with other interventions (i.e. environmental licensing and activism) to enforce indigenous rights and improve land security. Although a pro-rights rhetoric is enshrined in tenure reforms, they may be seen as a ‘tolerated illegalism of rights’ that allow for different kinds of mutually advantageous interplay between governments, transnational corporations and financial organizations. Yet, some contestations by indigenous groups supported by local and global activism have helped to successfully guarantee tenure security.

授予土著人民合法土地所有权已经成为实施权力下放治理的一种干预措施。但是，如果没有支持实施排斥权的机构，权属改革可能无法避免土地被征用和退化。本文以安第斯-亚马孙地区的土地征收为重点，着眼于使权属改革与其他干预措施（例如环境许可和行动主义）保持一致的有利条件和挑战，以实施土著权利和改善土地安全。尽管在权属改革中体现了主张权利的言论，但它们可能被视为“容忍的权利非法主义”，它允许政府，跨国公司和金融组织之间进行各种互利的相互作用。然而，