Practical large-scale energy storage should deliver high capacitance/capacity with an ultrahigh rate and do so economically over multiple cycles. Existing electrode materials, however, have fallen short of these requirements in one measure or another. Here, we have discovered a surface confined titania redox couple on black TiO₂ nanotube arrays (B-TNAs). Such rapid Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺ conversion provides an outstanding rate for B-TNAs of 400 mA cm⁻² in supercapacitors (SCs) and 200 C in lithium ion batteries (LiBs), with negligible capacitance/capacity fading for up to 15 000 cycles. The ultrafast pseudocapacitive behaviour from black titania suggests a new family of electrode materials, which may offer a way to overcome the present difficulties of SCs and LiBs in grid-scale energy storage systems.

中文翻译：

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表面受限的二氧化钛氧化还原对，可实现超快的能量存储†

实用的大型能量存储应以超高速率提供高电容/容量，并在多个周期内经济地这样做。然而，现有的电极材料在一项或多项措施中均未达到这些要求。在这里，我们发现了在黑色TiO ₂纳米管阵列（B-TNAs）上的表面受限的二氧化钛氧化还原对。这种快速的Ti ³⁺ / Ti ⁴⁺转换为B-TNA提供了400 mA cm ^-2的出色速率超级电容器（SCs）中的电压和锂离子电池（LiBs）中的200 C时，可忽略不计的电容/容量长达15 000个循环。黑色二氧化钛的超快速伪电容行为表明，电极材料家族有了新的发展，这可能为克服目前电网规模的储能系统中SC和LiB的难题提供了一种方法。