BACKGROUND Methods to address misreporting associated with short dietary assessment instruments are needed. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to develop and evaluate the direct and indirect validity of adjustment factors applied to a short dietary assessment instrument to improve estimates of usual consumption of core and discretionary food and beverage intake. DESIGN Validation of the Short Food Survey relative to 24-hour recalls was performed. The Short Food Survey requires individuals to report their usual intake of fruit, vegetables, grains, meat, dairy, and discretionary choices in multiples of standard servings. Adjustment factors were developed based on a ratio (usual portion size estimated from national data to standard serving size). The estimates of food group intakes (unadjusted and adjusted) were compared to 24-hour recalls. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Three population samples were used in this study. The direct validation used data from 61 Australian adults (collected 2013-2014). The indirect validation compared data from the 2011-2013 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n=9,435) to a sample of 145,975 who completed the Short Food Survey in a format that is freely available online (2015-2016). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Food group intake (in servings) was measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted. RESULTS Direct validation showed the adjustment factors improved the survey-derived estimates of intake for all food groups except grain foods. For grains, the mean difference went from -0.6 servings to +1.2 to 1.5 servings. The absolute difference in food group intake between the adjusted Short Food Survey and recalls remained statistically significant for fruit, meat, dairy, and grains, but was not different for vegetables and discretionary foods. The indirect validation showed that the adjusted estimates of intake from the online Short Food Survey were closer to the population estimates reported by 24-hour recall for all food groups except meat. CONCLUSIONS Adjustment factors can improve estimates of food group intake assessed using a short dietary assessment instrument for some but not all food groups.

中文翻译：

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调整因素可以提高使用短期膳食评估工具评估的食物组摄入量的估计值

背景技术需要解决与短期膳食评估工具相关的误报的方法。目标我们的目标是开发和评估应用于短期膳食评估工具的调整因素的直接和间接有效性，以改进对核心和可自由支配的食物和饮料摄入量的通常消耗的估计。进行了与 24 小时召回相关的短期食品调查的设计验证。短期食品调查要求个人报告他们通常摄入的水果、蔬菜、谷物、肉类、乳制品和标准份数的倍数。调整因子是根据比率（根据国家数据估计的通常份量与标准份量）制定的。将食物组摄入量的估计值（未经调整和调整）与 24 小时召回进行比较。参与者/设置 本研究中使用了三个群体样本。直接验证使用了来自 61 名澳大利亚成年人的数据（2013-2014 年收集）。间接验证将 2011-2013 年澳大利亚国家营养和体育活动调查（n=9,435）的数据与以在线免费提供的格式（2015-2016 年）完成短食调查的 145,975 名样本进行了比较。主要结果测量测量食物组摄入量（以份计）。执行的统计分析进行了描述性和推理性统计分析。结果 直接验证表明，除了谷物食品外，调整因子改善了所有食品组的调查得出的摄入量估计值。对于谷物，平均差异从 -0.6 份到 +1.2 到 1.5 份。水果、肉类、乳制品和谷物在调整后的短期食物调查和召回之间食物组摄入量的绝对差异仍然具有统计学意义，但蔬菜和可自由支配的食物没有差异。间接验证表明，在线短食调查中调整后的摄入量估计更接近于 24 小时召回报告的除肉类以外的所有食物组的人口估计。结论 调整因素可以改善使用短期膳食评估工具对某些但并非所有食物组进行评估的食物组摄入量估计值。间接验证表明，在线短食调查中调整后的摄入量估计更接近于 24 小时召回报告的除肉类以外的所有食物组的人口估计。结论 调整因素可以改善使用短期膳食评估工具对某些但不是所有食物组进行评估的食物组摄入量的估计。间接验证表明，在线短食调查中调整后的摄入量估计更接近于 24 小时召回报告的除肉类以外的所有食物组的人口估计。结论 调整因素可以改善使用短期膳食评估工具对某些但并非所有食物组进行评估的食物组摄入量估计值。