Here, a new bioprinting process by combining drop‐on‐demand inkjet printing with a spray‐coating technique, which enables the high‐resolution, high‐speed, and freeform fabrication of large‐scale cell‐laden hydrogel structures is reported. Hydrogel structures with various shapes and composed of different materials, including alginate, cellulose nanofiber, and fibrinogen, are fabricated using the inkjet–spray printing. To manufacture cell‐friendly hydrogel structures with controllable stiffness, gelatine methacryloyl is saponified to stabilize jet formation and is subsequently mixed with sodium alginate to prepare blend inks. The hydrogels crosslinked from the blend inks are characterized by assessing physical properties including the microstructure and mechanical stiffness and cellular responses including the cell viability, metabolic activity, and functionality of human dermal fibroblasts within the hydrogel. Cell‐laden hydrogel structures are generated on a large scale and collagen type I secretion and spreading of cells within the hydrogels are assessed. The results demonstrate that the inkjet–spray printing system will ensure the formation of a cell‐laden hydrogel structure with high shape fidelity in a rapid and reliable manner. Ultimately, the proposed printing technique and the blend bioink to be used to fabricate 3D laminated large‐scale tissue equivalents that potentially mimic the function of native tissues is expected.

中文翻译：

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喷墨-喷雾混合印刷技术，用于多层水凝胶结构的3D自由加工

在这里，报道了一种将按需喷墨印刷与喷涂技术相结合的新生物印刷工艺，该工艺可以高分辨率，高速和自由形式制造大规模的载有细胞的水凝胶结构。使用喷墨喷涂技术制造出具有各种形状并由不同材料组成的水凝胶结构，包括藻酸盐，纤维素纳米纤维和纤维蛋白原。为了制造具有可控硬度的对细胞友好的水凝胶结构，对明胶甲基丙烯酰基进行皂化处理以稳定喷射，然后与海藻酸钠混合以制备混合油墨。由共混油墨交联的水凝胶的特征在于评估物理性质（包括微观结构和机械刚度）以及细胞反应（包括细胞生存力，代谢活性，凝胶中人皮肤成纤维细胞的功能和功能。大量产生细胞载水凝胶结构，并评估I型胶原在水凝胶中的分泌和细胞扩散。结果表明，喷墨喷涂系统将确保以快速，可靠的方式形成具有高形状保真度的充满细胞的水凝胶结构。最终，可以预期使用拟议的印刷技术和混合生物墨水来制造可能模仿天然组织功能的3D层压大型组织等效物。结果表明，喷墨喷涂系统将确保以快速，可靠的方式形成具有高形状保真度的充满细胞的水凝胶结构。最终，可以预期使用拟议的印刷技术和混合生物墨水来制造可能模仿天然组织功能的3D层压大型组织等效物。结果表明，喷墨喷涂系统将确保以快速，可靠的方式形成具有高形状保真度的充满细胞的水凝胶结构。最终，可以预期使用拟议的印刷技术和混合生物墨水来制造可能模仿天然组织功能的3D层压大型组织等效物。