BACKGROUND Local and national policies to encourage supermarket opening or expansion are popular strategies for improving access to healthy food for residents in neighborhoods lacking these types of stores, yet few evaluations of such initiatives exist. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to test whether a newly opened supermarket in the Bronx, NY, changed household availability of healthy and unhealthy food items and reported daily consumption of these items among respondents residing in close proximity (≤0.5 mile) to the new supermarket. DESIGN This quasi-experimental study evaluated changes in purchasing and consumption habits of residents within 0.5 mile of the new supermarket as compared to residents living more than 0.5 mile from the supermarket. Data were collected through street intercept surveys at three different times: once before the store opened (March to August 2011) and in two follow-up periods (1 to 5 months and 13 to 17 months after the store opened). This study analyzed a subset of successfully geocoded resident intersections from the larger study. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING We surveyed 3,998 residents older than the age of 18 years in two Bronx neighborhoods about their food-purchasing behaviors before the store opened and in two follow-up periods. Responses from residents whose intersections were successfully geocoded (N=3,378) were analyzed to examine the consumption and purchasing behaviors of those in close proximity to the new store. INTERVENTION A new supermarket opened in a low-access neighborhood in the Bronx with the help of financial incentives through New York City's Food Retail Expansion to Support Health (FRESH) program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome evaluated was the change in percent of respondents reporting that the following food items were "always available" in the home: milk, fruit juice, soda, pastries, packaged snacks, fruits, and vegetables. As a secondary outcome, we explored changes in self-reported daily servings of these items. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED A difference-in-difference analysis was performed, controlling for age, education, marital status, income, sex, race, and ethnicity. RESULTS Residents within 0.5 mile of the store had increased household availability of both healthy and unhealthy foods. After the introduction of the supermarket, the percent of residents in close proximity to the store who reported always having produce available in the home increased by 8.8% compared to those living >0.5 mile from the store in the first post-period and by 10.6% compared to those living >0.5 mile from the store in the second post-period. A similar positive increase in household availability of salty snacks and pastries was observed. Residents living in close proximity also reported greater consumption of healthy foods like produce and water, and lower intake of soft drinks and pastries. CONCLUSIONS Given the financial support at the national and local levels to encourage supermarket development and expansion in high-need communities, it is imperative to evaluate the impact of such initiatives. Although the findings have so far been equivocal, our findings give weight to the argument that, at a micro-level, the siting of a new supermarket can indeed impact local purchasing and consumption behavior. Although purchasing for both healthy and unhealthy food items increased, reported consumption showed an increase in servings of healthy items (water, vegetables, and fruit) and a decrease in servings of unhealthy foods (soft drinks, salty snacks, and pastries).

中文翻译：

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衡量新超市的微观效应：0.5 英里内的居民饮食行为是否有所改善？

背景 鼓励超市开设或扩张的地方和国家政策是改善缺乏这些类型商店的社区的居民获得健康食品的流行策略，但对此类举措的评估很少。目标我们的目的是测试纽约布朗克斯新开的超市是否改变了家庭对健康和不健康食品的供应，并报告了居住在新超市附近（≤0.5 英里）的受访者对这些食品的日常消费。设计这项准实验性研究评估了距离新超市 0.5 英里范围内的居民与居住在距离超市 0.5 英里以上的居民相比的购买和消费习惯的变化。数据是通过三个不同时间的街道截获调查收集的：开店前一次（2011年3月至2011年8月）和两个随访期（开店后1-5个月和13-17个月）。本研究分析了来自更大研究的成功地理编码的居民交叉路口的子集。参与者/环境 我们在两个布朗克斯街区调查了 3,998 名 18 岁以上的居民，了解他们在商店开业前和两个随访期间的食品购买行为。分析了成功对十字路口进行地理编码的居民 (N=3,378) 的回应，以检查靠近新商店的居民的消费和购买行为。干预 在纽约市食品零售扩张支持健康 (FRESH) 计划的财政激励措施的帮助下，一家新超市在布朗克斯的一个交通不便的社区开业。主要结局指标 评估的主要结局指标是表示以下食品在家里“随时可用”的受访者百分比的变化：牛奶、果汁、苏打水、糕点、包装零食、水果和蔬菜。作为次要结果，我们探索了这些项目的自我报告每日份量的变化。进行的统计分析 进行了差异分析，控制了年龄、教育、婚姻状况、收入、性别、种族和民族。结果 商店 0.5 英里范围内的居民增加了家庭对健康和不健康食品的供应。引入超市后，与居住 > 0 的居民相比，靠近商店的居民报告家中总是有农产品的比例增加了 8.8%。第一个后期期间距离商店 5 英里，与第二个后期期间距离商店 0.5 英里以上的人相比，增加了 10.6%。观察到咸味小吃和糕点的家庭供应量也出现了类似的积极增长。居住在附近的居民还报告称，他们更多地消费了农产品和水等健康食品，而软饮料和糕点的摄入量则更少。结论 鉴于国家和地方层面的财政支持鼓励超市在高需求社区的发展和扩张，评估此类举措的影响势在必行。尽管迄今为止的调查结果模棱两可，但我们的调查结果强调了以下论点：在微观层面上，新超市的选址确实会影响当地的购买和消费行为。