Organs are complex systems composed of different cells, proteins and signalling molecules that are arranged in a highly ordered structure to orchestrate a myriad of functions in our body. Biofabrication strategies can be applied to engineer 3D tissue models in vitro by mimicking the structure and function of native tissue through the precise deposition and assembly of materials and cells. This approach allows the spatiotemporal control over cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix communication and thus the recreation of tissue-like structures. In this Review, we examine biofabrication strategies for the construction of functional tissue replacements and organ models, focusing on the development of biomaterials, such as supramolecular and photosensitive materials, that can be processed using biofabrication techniques. We highlight bioprinted and bioassembled tissue models and survey biofabrication techniques for their potential to recreate complex tissue properties, such as shape, vasculature and specific functionalities. Finally, we discuss challenges, such as scalability and the foreign body response, and opportunities in the field and provide an outlook to the future of biofabrication in regenerative medicine.

器官是由不同细胞、蛋白质和信号分子组成的复杂系统，这些细胞、蛋白质和信号分子以高度有序的结构排列，以协调我们体内的无数功能。生物制造策略可用于通过材料和细胞的精确沉积和组装来模拟天然组织的结构和功能，从而在体外设计 3D 组织模型。这种方法允许对细胞-细胞和细胞-细胞外基质通讯进行时空控制，从而重建组织样结构。在这篇综述中，我们研究了构建功能性组织替代物和器官模型的生物制造策略，重点关注可以使用生物制造技术进行加工的生物材料的开发，例如超分子和光敏材料。我们重点介绍生物打印和生物组装的组织模型，并调查生物制造技术，以了解其重建复杂组织特性（例如形状、脉管系统和特定功能）的潜力。最后，我们讨论了可扩展性和异物反应等挑战以及该领域的机遇，并对再生医学中生物制造的未来进行了展望。