AbstractConventional methods for the synthesis and analysis of chemical and biological materials often utilize homogeneous bulk environments or surface immobilization on a substrate. Homogeneous bulk environments, however, require large quantities of samples and reagents as well as significant effort to functionalize materials. Liquid–substrate interfaces can also pose problems because adsorption can hinder diffusion and reagent transport during bioanalyses, and sensitive materials, such as proteins, experience denaturation, or other types of deformation. Here, we describe the construction and use of droplet microenvironments created through a combination of surface modification, water-in-oil systems, and aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs). This integration of an immobilization-free droplet microenvironment with liquid–liquid interfaces, material compartmentalization, directional reagent transport, and small volumes enables unique material functions. Specific examples include ATPS-assisted fabrication of functional microparticles for drug delivery, microscale determination of ATPS phase diagrams, dendritic self-assembly of semiconductive nanoparticles, multiplex immunoassays, and analysis of breast cancer cell migration.Intracellular structures and function are tightly interwoven. Recapitulation of such intracellular microenvironments may enable novel biomimetic material synthesis and bioanalysis. Cell-inspired microanalysis platforms can be constructed by combined top-down microfabrication and bottom-up molecular self-assembly. Microcompartments of phase-separated aqueous solutions also play a critical role in biological processes. The biphasic microdroplets provide a unique analytical platform that conventional homogeneous bulk environments fail to achieve.

中文翻译：

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使用表面改性和双相液滴进行微量分析

摘要 化学和生物材料的合成和分析的传统方法通常利用均匀的本体环境或表面固定在基材上。然而，均匀的大块环境需要大量的样品和试剂，以及对材料进行功能化的巨大努力。液体-底物界面也可能带来问题，因为吸附会阻碍生物分析过程中的扩散和试剂传输，并且敏感材料（如蛋白质）会发生变性或其他类型的变形。在这里，我们描述了通过表面改性、油包水系统和水性两相系统 (ATPS) 组合创建的液滴微环境的构建和使用。这种无固定化液滴微环境与液-液界面的整合，材料分隔、定向试剂运输和小体积可实现独特的材料功能。具体例子包括用于药物递送的功能性微粒的 ATPS 辅助制造、ATPS 相图的微观测定、半导体纳米粒子的树突自组装、多重免疫测定和乳腺癌细胞迁移分析。细胞内结构和功能紧密交织。这种细胞内微环境的重现可能使新型仿生材料合成和生物分析成为可能。细胞启发的微分析平台可以通过自上而下的微加工和自下而上的分子自组装相结合来构建。相分离水溶液的微隔室在生物过程中也起着关键作用。