Nanosized crosslinked polymer networks, named as nanogels, are playing an increasingly important role in a diverse range of applications by virtue of their porous structures, large surface area, good biocompatibility and responsiveness to internal and/or external chemico-physical stimuli. Recently, a variety of carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon quantum dots, graphene/graphene oxide nanosheets, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and nanodiamonds, have been embedded into responsive polymer nanogels, in order to integrate the unique electro-optical properties of carbon nanomaterials with the merits of nanogels into a single hybrid nanogel system for improvement of their applications in nanomedicine. A vast number of studies have been pursued to explore the applications of carbon-based hybrid nanogels in biomedical areas for biosensing, bioimaging, and smart drug carriers with combinatorial therapies and/or theranostic ability. New synthetic methods and structures have been developed to prepare carbon-based hybrid nanogels with versatile properties and functions. In this review, we summarize the latest developments and applications and address the future perspectives of these carbon-based hybrid nanogels in the biomedical field.

中文翻译：

---

碳基杂化纳米凝胶：协同生物传感，生物成像和响应性药物递送的协同纳米平台

纳米级的交联聚合物网络，称为纳米凝胶，凭借其多孔结构，大表面积，良好的生物相容性以及对内部和/或外部化学物理刺激的响应性，在各种应用中发挥着越来越重要的作用。近来，各种碳纳米材料，例如碳量子点，石墨烯/氧化石墨烯纳米片，富勒烯，碳纳米管和纳米金刚石，已经嵌入到响应性聚合物纳米凝胶中，以便将碳纳米材料的独特电光特性与将纳米凝胶的优点整合到一个单一的混合纳米凝胶体系中，以改善其在纳米医学中的应用。进行了大量研究以探索碳基杂化纳米凝胶在生物医学领域的生物传感，生物成像，以及具有组合疗法和/或治疗诊断能力的智能药物载体。已经开发出新的合成方法和结构来制备具有多种特性和功能的碳基杂化纳米凝胶。在这篇综述中，我们总结了生物医学领域中这些碳基杂化纳米凝胶的最新发展和应用，并阐述了它们的未来前景。