Abstract Nowadays, in the European Union (EU) the construction rate of new buildings is very low and therefore achieving the EU targets regarding the energy efficiency of the building sector is only possible through the reduction of the energy needs of the existing building stock. A building design based on passive measures is a priority to reduce operational energy consumption but it is not enough to achieve the nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) level. Consequently, the design must also consider active systems with high efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources to partially/totally replace the use of non-renewable energy. At this level, solar thermal and photovoltaic panels play an important role, mainly in countries with high levels of solar radiation, as in the Southern European countries. Nevertheless, there are still some barriers to overcome for the broader dissemination of the implementation of these systems. One of the most important is that building owners are not fully aware of the life cycle benefits that these systems have at environmental and economic levels. The best way to raise awareness to these benefits is through the analysis of case studies, highlighting the short or mid-term benefits resulting from the integration of these active solutions. Thus, this paper is aimed at analysing the environmental and life cycle costs of different energy renovation scenarios, assessing the contribution of the solar systems to achieve three levels of energy performance. The study is focused on the energy renovation of a detached single-family house considering the climatic conditions of Porto, Portugal. From the results, it is possible to conclude that, on an annual basis, and for the Portuguese climate, it is possible to overcome, many of the energy needs for acclimatization and preparation of domestic hot water with the integration of these systems. The study also shows attractive economic and carbon payback times resulting from their use.

中文翻译：

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使用太阳能系统对南欧独户建筑能源改造的影响的环境和成本生命周期分析

摘要 如今，在欧盟 (EU) 中，新建筑的建造率非常低，因此只有通过减少现有建筑存量的能源需求才能实现欧盟关于建筑部门能源效率的目标。基于被动措施的建筑设计是降低运营能耗的优先事项，但这还不足以达到近零能耗建筑 (nZEB) 的水平。因此，设计还必须考虑高效的有源系统和使用可再生能源来部分/完全取代不可再生能源的使用。在这个层面上，太阳能热和光伏板发挥着重要作用，主要是在太阳辐射水平高的国家，如南欧国家。尽管如此，要更广泛地传播这些系统的实施，仍有一些障碍需要克服。最重要的问题之一是，建筑业主并未完全了解这些系统在环境和经济层面上的生命周期效益。提高对这些好处的认识的最佳方法是通过案例研究分析，强调集成这些主动解决方案所产生的短期或中期好处。因此，本文旨在分析不同能源改造方案的环境和生命周期成本，评估太阳能系统对实现三个能源性能水平的贡献。该研究的重点是考虑到葡萄牙波尔图的气候条件，对一栋独立式独户住宅进行能源改造。从结果来看，可以得出的结论是，在每年的基础上，对于葡萄牙的气候，通过这些系统的整合，可以克服许多用于适应和制备生活热水的能源需求。该研究还显示了由于使用它们而产生的有吸引力的经济和碳回收时间。