Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are critically important human pathogens that sicken a staggeringly high number of humans every year. Most of these pathogens are transmitted by mosquitos, and not surprisingly, as the earth warms and human populations grow and move, their geographic reach is increasing. Flaviviruses are simple RNA–protein machines that carry out protein synthesis, genome replication, and virion packaging in close association with cellular lipid membranes. In this review, we examine the molecular biology of flaviviruses touching on the structure and function of viral components and how these interact with host factors. The latter are functionally divided into pro-viral and antiviral factors, both of which, not surprisingly, include many RNA binding proteins. In the interface between the virus and the hosts we highlight the role of a noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses to impair antiviral host immune responses. Throughout the review, we highlight areas of intense investigation, or a need for it, and potential targets and tools to consider in the important battle against pathogenic flaviviruses.

中文翻译：

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黄病毒的生物化学和分子生物学

黄病毒，例如登革热，日本脑炎，tick传性脑炎，西尼罗河病毒，黄热病和寨卡病毒，是至关重要的人类病原体，每年都会使数量惊人的人类致病。这些病原体大多数是通过蚊子传播的，毫不奇怪，随着地球变暖以及人口的增长和移动，它们的地理范围正在扩大。黄病毒是简单的RNA蛋白质机器，可与细胞脂质膜紧密结合进行蛋白质合成，基因组复制和病毒体包装。在这篇综述中，我们研究了黄病毒涉及病毒成分的结构和功能的分子生物学，以及它们如何与宿主因子相互作用。后者在功能上分为前病毒和抗病毒因素，这两者不足为奇，包括许多RNA结合蛋白。在病毒和宿主之间的界面中，我们强调了黄病毒产生的非编码RNA削弱抗病毒宿主免疫反应的作用。在整个审查过程中，我们重点介绍了需要深入研究的领域或需要进行的研究，以及在与致病性黄病毒进行的重要斗争中应考虑的潜在目标和工具。